Dental Biofilm and Saliva Biochemical Composition Changes in Young Orthodontic Patients

Shady Ahmed Moussa1*, Hany Gameil Gobran2, Mohamed Ahmed Salem3 and Ibrahim Farouk Barkat4 1DDS, MRACDS (DPH), Lecture in Pediatric Dentistry and Oral Health, Zagazig University, Egypt, Consultant of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health (PHCC, Qatar) 2DDS, Lecture in Oral and Dental Biology, Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo, Egypt 3DDS, Lecture in Orthodontic, Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Dentistry, Assuit, Egypt 4DDS, Lecture in Pediatric Dentistry and Oral Health, Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo, Egypt Research Article

in the mouth can be affected, and often a number of anterior teeth show decalcification.Whilst the surface demineralizion remains intact, there is a possibility of demineralization of the lesion.In severe cases, frank cavitation is seen which requires restorative intervention.Half of children treated with fixed orthodontic appliances had at least one white spot after treatment; maxillary lateral incisors are most commonly affected site [4].The incidence or number of white spot formations did not in proportional to the length of treatment, although many studies [5,6] found that rapidly demineralization can occur within thefirst month of fixed orthodontic appliance treatment.This has focused on aesthetic implications and the need for the rate of caries assessment before treatment.On the other hand, there was no incidence of white spot formation associated with lingual bonded retainers, which would suggest flow rate and salivary buffering capacity, have an important role in surface protection against acid attack [4].Some authors concluded that, the biochemical of saliva and dental biofilm contribute significantly to interact between the oral environment and the mineral tissue of the teeth.Saliva is an exocrine secretion with 99% water and a variety of proteins and electrolytes including sodium, potassium, Calcium, chlorine, magnesium, bicarbonate, and phosphorus.The main functions of saliva include protecting and cleaning the mouth, also to maintain the pH and integrity of hard and soft tissues in the oral cavity [7].The analysis of organic and inorganic composition of saliva may contribute to the evaluation of caries incidence and to diagnose of other associated diseases [8].Cariogenicity of the dental biofilm depend on electrolytes level such as fluoride, calcium, and phosphorus, may also be associated with caries incidence increase if its Insoluble extracellular polysaccharide content is low [9,10].Insoluble extracellular polysaccharide plays an important role in bacterial adhesion; the Insoluble extracellular polysaccharide on cell walls of the bacteria also increases biofilm thickness, resulting in increased acid formation at the tooth

Introduction
Enamel smooth surfaces demineralization, usually is unfortunately a common complication that range from 2-96% of orthodontic patients [1].This variation arises as a result of different methods used to assess and score the presence of decalcification [2].However, the teeth most commonly affected are maxillary lateral incisors, maxillary canines and mandibularpremolars [3].Another study revealed that, any tooth

Dental biofilm samples
Prior collection of samples, patients were asked to stop oral hygiene measures for 24 hour, which was performed on other day from the clinical examination.Supragingival biofilm samples were collected from all teeth by using sterile curettes and stored at −20°C for analysis [13].For 24 hours, dental biofilm samples were vacuum-dried over phosphorus pentoxide [14].After dissection dry weight of samples were measured using an analytical balance.For Ca, and Pi extraction, 0.5ml of hcl was added to the microtube in the proportion of 0.1ml/mg dry weight biofilm.At room temperature, after 3 hour and under constant agitation, an equal volume of total ionic strength adjustment buffer II, modified with 20g naoh/L, pH 5.0 was added to the microtube.For 10 min, the samples were centrifuged at 11,000g, and the supernatant was retained for measuring of the Ca, and Pi concentrations.Ca, Pi level were measured by using (ELI TECH kit), processed in microlab analyzer spictrophoton (Microlab 300).1M naoh was added to the remaining precipitate after washing by saline in the proportion of each 0.2ml/mg dry weight biofilm.For 3 hours, samples were agitated and then centrifuged.Supernatant was removed for measuring Insoluble extracellular polysaccharide (IEPS) levels that were determined by colorimetric phenol sulphuric acid method [15,16].

Salivary flow rate
At least 2 hours after eating and oral hygiene measures in order to minimize the effects of diurnal variability in salivary composition [17].Unstimulated saliva samples collected from all the groups by spitting into a preweighed tube during an one min period which was weighed again, and the unstimulated flow rate calculated.

Streptococcal Mutans Count(S. Mutans)
About 3ml from saliva samples which collected were stored in a sterile calibrated universal container that were divided into two separate parts of samples, one of them inoculated onto MitisSalivarius agar media (Becton Dickinson and DIFCO Company, Chicago, USA)was used for isolation S. Mutans that is the selective medium [18] mitisSalivarius agar media contents: (Pancreatic digest of casein 6gm, Proteose peptone 9gm, Proteose peptone 5gm, Saccharose 50gm, Dextrose 1gm, Dipotassium phosphate 4gm, Trypan blue 0.075gm, Crystal violet 0.008gm and Agar 15gm) after the samples were taken.The medium was prepared according the manufacturing instructions as: 90gm of the medium and 150gm sucrose were dissolved in 1liter of distilled water by heating.The dissolved components were autoclaved at 121ºc for 15 minutes and left to cool to 45-50 º c and just prior to pouring, 1ml of 1% sterilized potassium tellurite and 1ml of 200 units/ml sterilized Bacitracin were added.Sterilization of Potassium Tellurite and Bacitracin was performed by filtration through millipores bacterial filters.About 20ml of the medium was poured in each Petri plate, all allowed to solidify at room temperature and then stored in the refrigerator at 4ºc for no more than four weeks.Identification of oral S. Mutans was confirmed by biochemical tests like mannitol and sorbitol fermentation and catalase [19] colony counting was done with a magnifying glass and the count of S. Mutans was expressed as the number of colony forming units per milliliter (cfu/ml) of saliva.Semiquantitation of the number of colonies was done by multiplying the actual colony count with 1×10 5 because of the part that the saliva sample was diluted one thousand times 1:5 dilution [20,21].

Salivary pH and buffering capacity
Other part of saliva samples used to measure salivary pH by using pH meter [22] (pH18 Aqua Lytic Co., USA).Buffering capacity is determined by quantitative test using a handheld.This method involves the addition of 0.5ml of saliva to 1.5ml of 5M Hcl.Mixture was vigorously shaken.Then stream of Nitrogen was passed through the mixture for 20 minutes to eliminate carbon dioxide from the sample and allowed to stand for 10 min when the final pH is measured [23].

Results
Data were checked entered and analyzed by using SPSS (version 22).Data were presented as mean and Standard Deviation (SD) or quantitative variable.Student's t-test was used for composition of two means (P < 0.05) was considered statistically significant.Normality was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test.(Table 1) shows the characteristics of study participants.No group differences were found in participant age and sex (P > 0.05).Since no statistically significant differences were found between sex and age so that, data were combined for them.(Table 2) shows nonmicrobialbiofim concentration of Ca, Pi and salivary flow rate (P > 0.05).These values did not differ between the two groups.Salivary pH and buffering capacity were, however, significantly lower in Salivary samples obtained from study group (P < 0.05).Additionally, IEPS concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.05) and S.Mutans colonies count (P < 0.001) in study group.

Dental Biofilm and Saliva Biochemical Composition Changes in Young Orthodontic Patients
Copyright: © 2017 Moussa, et al.

Discussion
Saliva has an important role in caries development due to many factors such as it participates in the dilution of substances intra oral cavity, mechanical cleaning, post-eruptive maturation, enamel dental remineralization and demineralization, pellicle formation, antimicrobial action and buffering action produced by biofilm and foods [24,25,26,27].Many studies have been conducted to investigate the changes of microbial environment in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment [28,29,30].On the other view, a few previous researches designed to evaluate changing salivary nonmicrobial composition of orthodontic patients [31,32].The saliva of fixed orthodontic appliances patients had lower pH, buffering capacity and calcium concentration than that of patients without it.These oral changes are enough to cause tooth demineralization [23].The saliva buffering capacity, defined as salivary resistance to change in pH, is assigned to carbonate bicarbonate systems, phosphates and proteins [33,34].The bicarbonate system is responsible for about 85% of the buffering capacity in the pH range of 7.2 to 6.8.When the salivary flow rate increases, the concentration of bicarbonate ions also increases [35,36,37].Another study revealed that, saliva with low calcium concentration has a lower pH and, therefore, a greater susceptibility to demineralization than others who have higher concentrations of calcium [25].Some investigators reported that the salivary calcium concentration is highly dependent on salivary flow rate and pH, so that, the moreincrease in the salivary flow rate the more increase in the calcium ions concentration of saliva [38].However, some other authors have found that the concentration of calcium ions decreases as salivary flow rates increase [37,39].Our finding revealed that, there was insignificant correlation between calcium ion concentration and salivary flow rate or between salivary flow rate and buffering capacity.Some others found [40,41,42] an increase in the salivary flow rate of fixed orthodontic appliances patients.Laine and Pienihakkinen [43] concluded that, the difference was insignificant between these two variables and also did not find any correlation.Positive correlation between salivary flow rate and buffering capacity has been reported by others [26,44].These finding were in disagreement with the result of the present study, since an insignificant correlation between both groups studied was found.This variation arises as findings attributed to different methods used to assess and determine levels of these variables.Teixeira et al, [24] reported that, there was a significant decrease in salivary buffering capacity and pH whose may be lead to tooth demineralization in patients using orthodontic appliances that support direct relation between pH and buffering capacity of saliva in decreases and increased risk of caries.These previous findings were parallel to our results and agreement with result of Kanaya et al, [41] results.Therefore, in present study, there was significant increase of IEPS through study group; Mattos-Granner et al, [45] showed that IEPS producing ability of cariogenic microorganisms may play a greater role in development of caries rather than the number of microorganisms present.In other word, the higher concentrations of IEPS the more cariogenicity [46].Sucrose rich diets are strongly correlated with IEPS production in dental biofilm, and increase cariogenic bacteria, in turn, associated with a greater ability to produce IEPS [11].According to Opaloglu-Ak et al., [47] long term utilization of orthodontic appliances may have a negative effect on microbial flora and increase the risk of new carious lesions.Moreover, Maret et al., [48] showed that oral microflora changed with time in the orthodontic patients group compared to the control group, in S. Mutans and Lactobacillus, numbers increased during the 6 months of follow-up in their study and these results concur present study findings positively.

Conclusion
Although, our finding revealed that the biochemical composition being similar between both groups, the caries risk factors were altered in the orthodontic patients So that the effective preventive measures, oral hygiene measures, diet counseling, prophylaxis and topical fluoride application should be applied for orthodontic patients to control increasing in biofilm cariogenicity which reflect on the prevalence of caries.

Table 1 : Shows the mean values, standard deviations and the statistical analysis of for sex and age.
NS Sample size calculation: done at 80 power and 95% Cl the estimated sample is 64 participate 32 in each group using open Epi, (version 2).