The Skin Barrier in Patients with Lichen Simplex Chronicus

Background: The main function of the skin is to protect body from environmental factors. The intact skin is a barrier to the uncontrolled water loss, proteins and plasma components from the organism. Lichen Simplex Chronicus (LSH) is a common extremely scratching disease. Prurituselicits a scratch response, initiating the itch-scratch cycle, which in turn aggravate the inflammatory response and damaged the normal epidermal barrier status. Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate changes in barrier functions of skin and distinguish its role in pathogenesis of LSH. Materials and Methods: Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) and Hydratation (H) of epidermis in healthy and damaged skin were measured in 56 non-hospitalized patients. Results: The most visible pathological changes were found in patients with duration of LSH 19-24 months-TEWL mean 27.30g.m2.h and H mean 23.15 (p=0.003). Strong correlation between pathological levels of TEWL and H and severity of disease was obtained. Thus in group of patients stage II TEWL was mean 31.22g.m2.h, while in group stage I TEWL was mean 16.23g.m2.h. (p=0.005) Similar wеre results from measurement of H: in group of patients stage III H was mean 20.25, while in group stage I H was mean 28.46 (p=0.003) . Conclusion: All the reported and analyzed results indicate that disorders of skin barrier are connected with severity and duration of LSH. This is the first study in our country, which aims to measure the impact of changes in skin barrier on clinical characteristics of LSC.


Introduction
Lichen Simplex Chronicus (LSH) is a common skin disorder characterized by lichenification of skin as a result of excessive scratching [1] LSH is distributed worldwide and affects adults with a mild preference for female [2].Pathogenesis of this dermatosis is not well distinguished.Disorders of skin barrier are described as a trigger or enhance pathological symptoms of LSH [3].There is an altered skin barrier with varying combination of allergens, irritants and skin pathogens that result in a changed immuno regulatory process [4].This study explores the possible correlation or predomination of changes in skin barrier function and characteristic of LSH disease.

Settings and sample
The study was conducted among 56 non-hospitalized patients (35 female and 21 male; mean age 49.46years; range 29-64 years) who visit dermatology unit in medical center "Medeia" between January 2013 and January 2015.Patients has the following inclusion criteria: one or more lichen plaques, highly pruritic, accumulation of normal skin lines, excoriations.Diagnosis was based on clinical observation and dates from patient's history.Socio demographic data are shown in

Discussion
An understanding of the structure, the integrity and function of the stratum corneum of the skin is closely connected with pathogenesis of several dermatoses [6].Many authors point out that in dermatoses with a clinical picture of extreme dryness and scratching there are the changes in skin barrier [7,8,9].Clinical picture of LSC is represented by areas with dry, itchy skin [10].Greaves (2010) argues that the main symptom of LSC -itch-causes constant scratching, which leads to additional physical disturbance of the integrity of the surface layer of the epidermis, and to further dysfunction of the skin barrier [11].Information about the state of the lipid matrix, and consequently to the integrity of skin barrier under various conditions gives the measurement of TEWL and H of stratum corneum [12].Darlenski et al (2009 ) reported that quantitative indicators such TEWL , H of the stratum corneum and the pH of the skin surface are reliable, non-invasive techniques for monitoring the physical properties of the skin barrier invivo [13].All this give us grounds to assess the levels of damage of the skin barrier by measuring TEWL , and H of stratum corneum of the skin Measurement in two zones (healthy and damaged skin) allow us to define the role of the skin barrier status in pathogenesis of LSC.All these scientific facts correlate closely with export results in our study.Bouwstra and associates (2006) reported a correlation between clinical characteristics of skin diseases and changes in barrier function [14].Other authors found no statistically significant relationship between disturbed homeostasis of the skin barrier and the expression of the disease symptoms [15].The results from our study show the presence of such dependence

Measures
We used instrumental methods, including, measuring H and TEWL in healthy and damaged skin to evaluate the functioning of Stratum Corneum (SC).The degree of H was measured with a capacitance meter (Corneometer CM 825), and the TEWL was determined using a measurement instrument Tewameter® TM 300.The areas examined were closely and in distance of the pathologic lesions.The exact localization of measuring points are shown on table 4.
The severity of the disease was evaluated by EASI score.(Eczema Area and Severity Index) [5].According to this scale patients were divided in 5 groups.Stage 0 without skin changes; Stage 1 up to 29% of skin surface is damaged, Stage 2 up to 49% of skin surface is damaged, Stage 3 up to 69% of skin surface is damaged, Stage 4 more than 69% of skin surface is damaged.
The statistical analysis was performed with SPSS v.21.0 for Windows.Hypotheses were tested using χ²-criteria (for the descriptive profile data).Construct validity was tested by factor analysis.Results with p<0.001 were interpreted as statistically significant

Results And Discussion
The results obtained from measuring TEWL in healthy and damaged skin show that the levels of TEWL in healthy skin are normal (0-15g.m2.h/ range from 8g.m2.h to 17.8g.m2.h.)The levels of TEWL in damaged skin were higher.The pathological changes were more visible in patients from age group 56+ -

The Skin Barrier in Patients with Lichen Simplex Chronicus
Copyright: © 2016 Bakardzhiev et al.
in dividing patients by disease severity.Thus, in patients with moderate severity of disease mean value of TEWL was 31.22 g / m2 / h, while those with mild severity of disease have mean value of 16.23 g / m2 / h.) (p = 0.009).Regarding the indicator H in patients with moderate disease severity H in pathological lesion was reported a mean of 25.88 units, while those with mild severity of disease account mean 28.46 units) (p = 0.048) At the same time dividing patients according the duration of disease showed small differences between different groups.As the most significant TEWL near pathological lesion was reported in patients with disease duration of 19-24 months mean value of 27.30 g / m2 / h and those with duration longer than 24 months -.mean value of '20 / m2 / h to 32 g / m2 / h (P = 0.003) Low levels of H in the area to pathological lesions were measured in patients with disease duration of 19-24 months-(median 23.15 units ) and those lasting longer than 24 months .from-15 units to 22 units.(mean18.75 units) (p = 0.001).
6 In 1985 Werner and associates published data for increase TEWL in healthy and pathological skin in a study of patients with atopic dermatitis.As a result, the authors presume primary defect in the epidermal barrier [16] Our results showed that from all included in the study patients only 30.95% had pathology in skin barrier(increased TEWL and decreased H ) in measuring of healthy skin stretch.Disturbed pathological function of skin barrier (increased TEWL and reduced H) in measuring of damaged skin was reported in 85.71%.These results questioned the existence of a primary defect in the epidermal barrier and its leading role in unlocking LSC.The correlation between the degree of damage of the skin barrier and severity of the disease give reason to assume that itch aggravate the disease and leads to the dysfunction of barrier homeostasis.

Conclusion
The absence of correlation between changes in hydration and TEWL and some of the characteristics connected to the disease means that in patients suffering from LSH there are different independent pathological ways of development of illness.Disorders of skin barrier could be described as a trigger only of pruritoceptive pruritusin LSC.This study does not include monitoring of patients before and after treatment but the results suggest that the inclusion of local therapy which improves the quality of skin barrier would have a good therapeutic effect.

table 1 .
The characteristics connected to the disease (duration and severity) are shown on

Table 2 :
15sease duration.Also we compare the H dividing patients according the duration of the disease.The pathological changes were more visible in patients with duration of LSH 19-24 months-mean 23.15and more than 24 months 18.75( p=0.008)Most distinct trend for correlation was accounted comparing H in pathological skin and severity of disease.In group of patients stage III H was mean 20.25, while in group stage I H was mean 28.46(p=0.003)The results from measuring TEWL and H are shown in table 5 (according age), table 6 (according duration) and table 7 (according stage).

Table 2 and
Table 3.

Table 4 :
Distribution of measuring points.

Table 5 :
The results from measuring TEWL and H according age.

Table 6 :
The results from measuring TEWL and H according duration.