Case Report
Open Access
Association of ABO Blood Groups with Diabetes
Mellitus among the University Students of District
Mardan, Pakistan
Sulaiman Shams1*, Shehla Khan1, Huma Ajmal1, Fatima Siraj2, Sahib Gul Afridi1
*1Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan-23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
1Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan-23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
1Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan-23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
*Corresponding author: Sulaiman Shams, Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Science Shankar, Abdul Wali Khan
University Mardan-23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, Tel: +92-333-9202865; E-mail:
@
Received: 10 October, 2017; Accepted: 17 November, 2017; Published: 22 November, 2017
Citation: Sulaiman S, Shehla Khan, Ajmal H, Siraj F, Afridi SG (2017) Association of ABO Blood Groups with Diabetes Mellitus among the University Students of District Mardan, Pakistan. Int J Hematol Blo Dis 2(2). 1-3.
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the most common disease in the world and
is rapidly increasing in developing countries including Pakistan.
The ABO blood types are associated with various diseases including
Diabetes, Migraine, Gastric cancer, Stomach Ulcer, Salivary gland
tumors, Thyroid disorders, Ovarian tumors, Small cell carcinoma of
lung, Hypercholesterolemia and particularly Cardiovascular diseases.
Like many other inherited traits, blood groups are also genetically
pre- determined and therefore may have an association with diabetes
mellitus. In the present study we aimed to investigate the correlation
between the ABO blood groups and diabetes. This study was carried
out in Biochemistry Department, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan
(AWKUM). The data were derived from 2258 (1159 males (51.32%)
and 1099 (48.68%) females) individuals comprising of university
students belonging to different departments. Blood groups were
determined using ABO typing while the blood glucose levels were
analyzed on glucometer using Biosensor Technology. Our study
showed that the individual having blood group B (43% ) have high
blood sugar level followed by A (29%), O (19%), and AB (9%). Both
in males and females blood group B having high glucose level as
compared to other blood groups, which shows that blood group B have
more chances of diabetes. Blood group B is more prone to develop
diabetes as compared to other Blood groups. Therefore, Person have
blood group B should take care of their diet, health, exercise and
intake of less sugar to reduce the chances of diabetes.
Keywords: Blood; Diabetes Mellitus; Glycoprotein; Mardan; Students; University
Keywords: Blood; Diabetes Mellitus; Glycoprotein; Mardan; Students; University
Introduction
All humans and many other animals have four principal
blood types. A, B, AB, and O. Karl Landsteiner discovered A, B and
O blood type in 1901 [1, 2]. Alfred von Decastello and Adriano
Sturli discovered the fourth type, AB, in 1902 [3]. Two antigens
and two antibodies are generally involved for the ABO types
and a particular combination of these four types determines
an individual’s blood group. Depending on the blood group
system, the nature of antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates,
glycoproteins, or glycolipids. Several of these red blood cell
surface antigens can stem from one allele and collectively form a
blood group system [4].
After the discovery of blood groups in 1900, researchers took a keen interest and start their struggle to discover a possible association and link between ABO blood groups and various diseases. The ABO blood types are associated with various diseases including Diabetes, Migraine, Gastric cancer, Stomach Ulcer, Salivary gland tumors, Thyroid disorders, Ovarian and lung carcinoma, Hypercholesterolemia and particularly cardiovascular diseases. Similarly to various types of inherited traits and characteristics, blood groups are also genetically pre- determined and therefore may have an strong association with certain disease including diabetes mellitus. The various results obtained from research on patients with different types of disorder including gastric cancer, duodenal ulcer, colorectal cancer, salivary gland tumors, ovarian tumors, thyroid disorders, lung cancer and heart disease have shown association with ABO blood groups [5, 6]. The information obtain from previous reports has led to the supposition that there may the association of certain other disorders with ABO and Rh blood groups. Such types of studies to determine the associations of blood groups with other diseases are of significance to identify and to adopt possible precautionary measurement to decrease the occurrence [7].
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a type of metabolic disorder in which an individual has high level of sugar in his blood [8]. Diabetes is due to inefficiency of the pancreas not to produce requiring amount of insulin, or lack of the ability of body cells not to respond properly to the insulin [9]. Diabetes mellitus is a one of the top 10 medical problem and have high rate of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is a genetic problem, but environmental factors also play their role in its genetic expression. Therefore it is strongly believes that like many other inherited traits and characteristics, blood groups may have an association with diabetes mellitus [5].
Based on the previous knowledge we conducted this study to find out a possible association between ABO blood groups and diabetes mellitus. This study was conducted at department of biochemistry, AWKUM Shankar campus. Total number of samples were 2258, comprising 1159 males and 1099 females. Samples were taken from different department, which include Agriculture, Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Botany, Chemistry, Computer Science, Physics, and Zoology. Our study shows that the individual having blood group B (43% ) have high blood sugar level followed by A (29%), O (19%), and AB (9%). In females blood group B having high glucose level as compared to other blood groups and also in males blood group B having high glucose level as compared to 3 Association of ABO Blood Group with Diabetes among Students of AWKUM other blood groups which shows that blood group B have more chances of diabetes. Therefore, this study concluded that blood group B has risk of diabetes as compared to other blood groups.
After the discovery of blood groups in 1900, researchers took a keen interest and start their struggle to discover a possible association and link between ABO blood groups and various diseases. The ABO blood types are associated with various diseases including Diabetes, Migraine, Gastric cancer, Stomach Ulcer, Salivary gland tumors, Thyroid disorders, Ovarian and lung carcinoma, Hypercholesterolemia and particularly cardiovascular diseases. Similarly to various types of inherited traits and characteristics, blood groups are also genetically pre- determined and therefore may have an strong association with certain disease including diabetes mellitus. The various results obtained from research on patients with different types of disorder including gastric cancer, duodenal ulcer, colorectal cancer, salivary gland tumors, ovarian tumors, thyroid disorders, lung cancer and heart disease have shown association with ABO blood groups [5, 6]. The information obtain from previous reports has led to the supposition that there may the association of certain other disorders with ABO and Rh blood groups. Such types of studies to determine the associations of blood groups with other diseases are of significance to identify and to adopt possible precautionary measurement to decrease the occurrence [7].
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a type of metabolic disorder in which an individual has high level of sugar in his blood [8]. Diabetes is due to inefficiency of the pancreas not to produce requiring amount of insulin, or lack of the ability of body cells not to respond properly to the insulin [9]. Diabetes mellitus is a one of the top 10 medical problem and have high rate of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is a genetic problem, but environmental factors also play their role in its genetic expression. Therefore it is strongly believes that like many other inherited traits and characteristics, blood groups may have an association with diabetes mellitus [5].
Based on the previous knowledge we conducted this study to find out a possible association between ABO blood groups and diabetes mellitus. This study was conducted at department of biochemistry, AWKUM Shankar campus. Total number of samples were 2258, comprising 1159 males and 1099 females. Samples were taken from different department, which include Agriculture, Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Botany, Chemistry, Computer Science, Physics, and Zoology. Our study shows that the individual having blood group B (43% ) have high blood sugar level followed by A (29%), O (19%), and AB (9%). In females blood group B having high glucose level as compared to other blood groups and also in males blood group B having high glucose level as compared to 3 Association of ABO Blood Group with Diabetes among Students of AWKUM other blood groups which shows that blood group B have more chances of diabetes. Therefore, this study concluded that blood group B has risk of diabetes as compared to other blood groups.
Materials and Methods
Study design
A cross-sectional study was design. The source population of
the current study was the students of Abdul Wali Khan University
Shankar Campus Mardan. Blood Samples were collected from
students of different departments including Agriculture,
Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Botany, Chemistry, Computer
Science, Physics and Zoology. Blood samples were collected in
biochemistry lab from AWKUM Shankar campus Mardan.
ABO blood group test
In the current study (2258) blood samples were collected
from different department of AWKUM Shankar campus, with the
help of pricker /Lancet. The finger of each student was pricked
and a drop of blood was placed on a transparent glass slide at
three different positions. Then anti-sera were added on each
drop, the anti-sera were anti A, anti B and anti D. The antisera
were mixed with each blood drop with the help of match sticks.
Blood groups were determined on the basis of agglutination. The
socio demographic data like age and gender were also analyzed
at the testing time.
Blood glucose measurement
Blood sugar level was measured at fasting using a biosensor
glucometer. The blood is biological component and the transducer
of biosensor glucometer converts this biological component into
electronic detector. This electronic detector gives result in the
form of digits in few seconds. With the help of pricker /Lancet
the finger of each student was pricked. Glucometer was switch
on, and then insert strip in glucometer and a drop of blood was
placed on strip. Subjects were divided into subgroups according
to their sugar level. We distributed individual having low sugar
level 41-80 mg/dL in group I, normal sugar level as 81-120 mg/
dL in group II, and high sugar level 121-160 mg/dL in group III.
Statistical analysis
chi-squared test was used to determine the significant
differences between different groups. P< 0.05 was considered
statistically significant.
Results
Total number of samples was 2258 comprising 1159 males
and 1099 females. Samples were taken from different department,
which include Agriculture, Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Botany,
Chemistry, Computer Science, Physics, Zoology and also from
some faculty members.
Gender Wise distribution of individuals
Total of 2258 samples were collected during the course of
our study, in which randomly 1159 blood samples were collected
from males and 1099 from females as shown in table 1.
Table 1: Gender wise distribution of students
Male Students |
Female Students |
Total Students |
|
Number |
1159 |
1099 |
2258 |
Percentage |
51.32% |
48.68% |
100% |
Percentage distribution of students according to blood
sugar level
The resent study determined the association of diabetes with
blood groups. Blood group B having more chances followed by A,
O and AB. Group I represent low blood sugar level range from 41-
80 mg/dL, group II represent normal blood sugar level 81-120
mg/dL, and group III represent high blood sugar level 121-160
mg/dL. (10%) students lies in group I having low blood sugar
level 41-80 mg/dL, (65%) students lies in group II having normal
blood sugar level 81-120 mg/dL, and (25%) students lies in
group III having high blood sugar level 121-160 mg/dL. In blood
group B 43% of individuals have significantly high sugar level
which shows that blood group B individual having more chances
of diabetes as shown in table 2.
Table 2: Percentage distribution of students according to blood
sugar level
S. No |
Groups of sugar level |
% of students in groups |
% of students in each blood group |
|||
A |
B |
AB |
O |
|||
1 |
Group I |
10% |
12% |
36% |
11% |
41% |
2 |
Group II |
65% |
22% |
41% |
16% |
21% |
3 |
Group III |
25% |
29% |
43% |
9% |
19% |
Female distribution
There were 1099 female students. In group III Blood group
B has 45 % of individual having high blood sugar level 121-160
mg/dL. As blood group B have high sugar level which shows
that blood group B individual having more chances of diabetes
followed by A, O and AB as shown in table 3.
Male student’s distribution
There were 1159 male students, In group III Blood group B
has 40% individual having high blood sugar level 121-160 mg/dL
and blood group B having more chances of diabetes followed by
A, O and AB as shown in table 4.
Table 3: Female Distribution of Diabetes Association with Blood
Groups
S. No |
Groups of sugar level |
% of students in each blood group |
|||
A |
B |
AB |
O |
||
1 |
Group I |
0% |
34% |
0% |
66% |
2 |
Group II |
29% |
29% |
19% |
23% |
3 |
Group III |
33% |
45% |
11% |
11% |
Table 4: Male distribution of diabetes association with blood groups
S. No |
Groups of sugar level |
A |
B |
AB |
O |
1 |
Group I |
15% |
36% |
14% |
35% |
2 |
Group II |
18% |
48% |
14% |
20% |
3 |
Group III |
33% |
40% |
6% |
21% |
Discussion
The present study comprising of 2258 subjects including 1159
(51.32%) male and 1099 (48.68%) females was carried out in
biochemistry department AWKUM to determine the association
of blood group with diabetes. The current study showed that the
individual having blood group B (43%) have high blood sugar
level followed by A (29%), O (19%), and AB (9%) as shown in
table 2. Both in males and females blood group B having high
glucose level as compared to other blood groups. The current
study shows that blood group B has more chances of diabetes.
The previous study which support our work that Blood type B
individuals are susceptible to esophageal and biliary cancer. Type
2 diabetes is significantly associated with gastric, biliary and
especially pancreatic cancer [10]. Also other study demonstrated
that blood group B was associated with diabetes mellitus and
hypertension [11].
Conclusion
Base on the current study it was concluded that in older
age regularly check blood glucose, blood pressure and blood
cholesterol levels. Person have blood group B should take care
of their diet, health, exercise and take less sugar for avoiding
the chances of diabetes. Therefore it is highly recommended for
all obese, smoker, and old age persons and especially for those
having blood groups B, that to avoid alcohol, smoking, eat fresh
vegetable and fruits, take regular exercise and check blood
pressure and blood glucose and cholesterol levels regularly to
reduces the risk and the chances of diabetes.
Acknowledgment
We thank students of Shankar campus AWKUM for their
cooperation during the course of this study.
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