Extraction and Application of Eco-Friendly Natural dye Obtained from Flower of Acacia eburnea ( L . f . ) Willd on Cotton Fabric

The natural dyes are using coloring agent of textile, food and paints in the beginning of the mankind. But synthetic dyes are removing colour in process in anything about one century back use of natural dyes have witnessed diminished. During last two decades natural dyes have witnessed a process of revival [1]. With the increasing awareness of government also helped us and far eco textiles and need to preserve environment has lead to the revival of old practice of coloration with natural dyestuff. Due to the carcinogens what natural of some synthetic dyes and their intermediates are being looked it is not effect natural dye and not damage included water and sand at as an “eco solution” to the ill effects of synthetic dyes. The serious limitation associated within the natural dyes is the process of dyeing with natural dyes in very lengthy and time consuming. Moreover reproducibility of shades is also a major problem faced in dyeing with natural dyes as traditional processes for their application on various substrates have been lost in the absence of proper documentation and years of neglect. Synthetic dyes are effect hair and skin problem and food items. It becomes necessary to develop new techniques of coloration and also to standardize these processes with the help of modern scientific so that these dyes can offer themselves as an effective eco option [2]. Natural dyes are known for their use in coloring of food substrate, leather, wood as well as natural fibers like wool, silk, cotton and flax as major areas of application since ancient times. Natural dyes may have a wide range of shades, and can be obtained from various parts of plants and synthesis dyes are fully chemical components. Since the advent of widely available and cheaper synthetic dyes in 1856 having moderate to excellent colour fastness properties is polluted eco system so natural dye was used for dyeing on cotton fabric. In, recently there has been revival of the growing interest on the application of natural dyes on natural fibers due to all over worldwide environmental consciousness [3]. In many of the world’s developing countries, natural dyes can offer not only rich and varied source of dye stuff, it used income and through sustainable harvest and sale of these plants [4]. Today due to global environmental awareness trend of using natural colours is drawing production and application of synthetic dyes release large amount of waste and unwanted colour and causing health hazards environmental pollution and disturb eco – balance. The most alarming and affect to health due to the presence of toxic chemicals in the finished textiles especially which are coming in contact with the skin has opened new challenges for the persons working in the field of textiles industry [5]. Natural dyes have better biodegradability with the environment. They are nontoxic non – allergic to skin non – carcinogenic, easily available and renewable. Colour fastness is the resistance of a material to change any of its colour characteristic is extent of transfer of its colorants to adjacent which materials in touch generally light fastness, wash fastness and rub fastness are considered far textile fibers but synthesis are not biodegradability with environmental allergy [6].


Introduction
The natural dyes are using coloring agent of textile, food and paints in the beginning of the mankind. But synthetic dyes are removing colour in process in anything about one century back use of natural dyes have witnessed diminished. During last two decades natural dyes have witnessed a process of revival [1]. With the increasing awareness of government also helped us and far eco textiles and need to preserve environment has lead to the revival of old practice of coloration with natural dyestuff. Due to the carcinogens what natural of some synthetic dyes and their intermediates are being looked it is not effect natural dye and not damage included water and sand at as an "eco solution" to the ill effects of synthetic dyes. The serious limitation associated within the natural dyes is the process of dyeing with natural dyes in very lengthy and time consuming. Moreover reproducibility of shades is also a major problem faced in dyeing with natural dyes as traditional processes for their application on various substrates have been lost in the absence of proper documentation and years of neglect. Synthetic dyes are effect hair and skin problem and food items. It becomes necessary to develop new techniques of coloration and also to standardize these processes with the help of modern scientific so that these dyes can offer themselves as an effective eco option [2]. Natural dyes are known for their use in coloring of food substrate, leather, wood as well as natural fibers like wool, silk, cotton and flax as major areas of application since ancient times. Natural dyes may have a wide range of shades, and can be obtained from various parts of plants and synthesis dyes are fully chemical components. Since the advent of widely available and cheaper synthetic dyes in 1856 having moderate to excellent colour fastness properties is polluted eco system so natural dye was used for dyeing on cotton fabric. In, recently there has been revival of the growing interest on the application of natural dyes on natural fibers due to all over worldwide environmental consciousness [3]. In many of the world's developing countries, natural dyes can offer not only rich and varied source of dye stuff, it used income and through sustainable harvest and sale of these plants [4]. Today due to global environmental awareness trend of using natural colours is drawing production and application of synthetic dyes release large amount of waste and unwanted colour and causing health hazards environmental pollution and disturb eco -balance. The most alarming and affect to health due to the presence of toxic chemicals in the finished textiles especially which are coming in contact with the skin has opened new challenges for the persons working in the field of textiles industry [5]. Natural dyes have better biodegradability with the environment. They are nontoxic non -allergic to skin non -carcinogenic, easily available and renewable. Colour fastness is the resistance of a material to change any of its colour characteristic is extent of transfer of its colorants to adjacent which materials in touch generally light fastness, wash fastness and rub fastness are considered far textile fibers but synthesis are not biodegradability with environmental allergy [6].
Acacia eburnea (L.f.)Willd a small tree with red-purple corolla and yellow stamens and large ivory-white thorns, the pods papery, the leaf lets. Plant Name Acacia eburnea (L.f.) Willd. Family Fabaceae.

Fabric
For the cotton fabric bleaching process M: L ratio 1:30 is used. 1g of cotton fabric sample has been taken in 100ml of beaker. 6 volumes (20ml) of H 2 O 2, 5mlof 4%NaOH and 5ml of 2% sodium silicate are added with the fabric. 3 drops of wetting reagent is added to this solution and heated about 80-85°C for 1hours. The cotton samples have been dried.

Mordants
Chemical used: AR grade metallic salts such as copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, aluminium sulphate, Potassium diChromate, stannous Chloride were used as chemical mordant's Experimental Dye Extraction: Above 300 g of Acacia eburnea (L.f.) Willd fresh flowers and added with (80% of ethanol + 20% water ) and socking 15 minutes, 500 ml of RB flask and highly heated to 60 minutes at 70°C. Then transferred to after extractions were filtered and used as a natural dye. It was noticed that, colour of the dye extract was brownish yellow colour.

Effect of M: L Ratio
Weighed cotton samples were dyed with dye extracts keeping in the M: L ratio of 1:10, 1:20, 1:30 and 1:40. Its indicate that M: L ratio 1:30 is the better dyeing. Compare with others.

Dyeing procedure
Weighed cotton samples were dyed with dye extract maintenance M: L ratio as 1:30 dyeing was carried out at 78°C and continued for 1hour.

Mordanting
Weighed cotton samples were treated and with different chemical mordant's by following three methods [7].

Pre Mordanting of cotton cloth with metallic salts
Bleached cotton cloth with pre mordanting were added to dyeing of following any one chemical mordant's, such as K 2 Cr 2 O 7, Al 2 SO 4 , CuSO 4, SnCl 2, and FeSO 4 at 60°C for 30 min. And mordant cloth and added with natural flower extract and added some amount of water and heated. After 10 minutes added required amount of sodium carbonate. After 20 minutes added required amount of sodium chloride was added, 1 hour heated at 78°C with M:L ratio of 1:30 then it is added to the flowers extract. The dyed cloth were again washed with water and then dried in air.

Simultaneous Mordanting of cotton cloth with metallic salts
Bleached cotton cloth with natural dye extract and, using any one of the chemical mordant's, such as K 2 Cr 2 O 7, Al 2 SO 4 , CuSO 4, SnCl 2, and FeSO 4 added some amount of water. After 10 minutes added required amount of sodium carbonate. After 20 minutes added required amount of sodium chloride was added, 1 hour heated at 78°C with M:L ratio of 1:30. The dyed cloth were again washed with water and then dried in air.

Post Mordanting of cotton cloth with metallic salts
Bleached cotton cloth with natural dye extract and, added some amount of water and heated. 1 hour heated at 78°C. And natural dyed cloth and any one of the chemical mordant's, such as K 2 Cr 2 O 7, Al 2 SO 4 , CuSO 4, SnCl 2, andFeSO 4 at After 10 minutes added required amount of sodium carbonate. After 20 minutes added required amount of sodium chloride was added, 30 minutes heated at 60°C with M:L ratio of 1:30. The dyed cloth were again washed with water and then dried in air.

Measurement of colour strength
The colour strength of the dyed cotton fabrics were determined by K/S values. The light reflectance of the dyed cotton samples were measured using a Text flash spectrophotometer (Data colour corp.). The K/S values were calculated by Kubelka-Munk equation.

K/S= (1-R) 2 /2R
Where, R is the decimal fraction of the light reflectance of the dyed samples at max. K is the absorption coefficient and S is scattering coefficient [9].

Antimicrobial Screening Test
The antimicrobial (both bacterial and fungal) studies were carried out in duplicates using agar well diffusion method and a control set was along with each test to determine the antimicrobial activity. Investigations were carried out to determine the antibacterial activity of the dye solution 50mg/ µl 10 [10].
Pathogenic micro organisms were purchased from Trichy Medical College Pathology Departments. The test bacteria staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichiacoli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeroginosa ATCC 27853. Pathogenic bacteria culture in nutrient broth at 37°c for 24 hrs the culture were swapped on nutrient agar plates 100µl of the dye solution loaded in the well after incubation 37°c for 24 hours the zone of inhibition was measured by the taking the average of the zone obtained from the duplicate plates [11]. Anti fungal activity of the dye against Aspergillusniger and Candida albicans have been detected on sterile potato dextrose agar plates. Concentration of the dye in a similar way as described above. After incubation at between 37°C for 72 hrs the zone of inhibition was measured.

Result
The post mordanting method is shown in Figure -

Effect of Mordanting
The natural dye extract was found to be suitable for cotton fabric. The cotton fabrics were dyed with chemical mordant's. It was observed that, the dye uptake was found to excellent.

Optimization of mordant's with K/S value and colour hue change
The different mordant's not only cause difference in hues of colour and significant changes in K/S values but also changes in L* Values and brightness index value.

Zone of inhibition
Zone of inhibition

Fastness properties
It was observed that, dyeing with Acacia eburnea (L.f.)Willd has excellent washing, lighting, rubbing and perspiration fastness properties. Overall, it could be used for commercial purposes and attain acceptable range.

Antimicrobial Activity Studies
In this study, three different bacterial and two fungal pathogens were used to screening the possible antimicrobial activity of dye extract. Natural dye extract exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activity against all test microorganisms.

Antibacterial and antifungal activity
The natural dye extract showed good antibacterial activity against the three bacterial pathogens. Dye extract showed more effective against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Staphylococcus aureus pathogens. The natural dye extract showed good antifungal activity against the two antifungal. Dye extract showed more effective against Aspergillusniger, Candida albicans.

Conclusion
The natural dye shows non-toxic non-allergic effects and results in less pollution as well as less side effects, it become a thrust area in the field textile dyeing research. The flower extract of Acacia eburnea (L.f.)Willd has a good natural dye source. The washing, lighting, rubbing and perspiration fastness of all dyeing with mordant's were quit good and also dye extract has shown good antimicrobial activity. From the comparative study the fastness properties of dyed cotton samples gave a better result in the Post mordanting method. These are grown through under and so are easily available.