Valorization of Pepper ( Capsicum Chinenses Linn ) Through Formulation and Production of Ready to Use Cubes from Cameroonian Local Spices

In Cameroon, pepper is consumed either fresh, in powder form, as pepper oil or as pepper sauce. The aim of this work was to propose added value of spices by formulated ready to use cubes facilitating the consumption of pepper and reducing its post-harvest losses. A survey was carried out in Ngaoundere-Cameroon to know the level of pepper consumption, and the ingredients commonly added in pepper sauces. A simplex lattrice mixture design was carried out to optimise the pepper cube formulation, which was further characterized. The sensory evaluation was done to select the best sample among those produced. From the survey, 76.92% of the population consume pepper. Onion, garlic, white pepper, and pebe were found to be the spices commonly used along with pepper sauces preparation. The pepper cubes were obtained by incorporating onion and pebe as additives into the pepper enrichment at different proportions. The pepper enrichment was formulated at the optimal condition of the basic ingredients which were 0.817, 0.133 and 0.05% respectively for pepper, white pepper and garlic. Sample 107 with the colours ranging between orange yellow and yellow, made up of 50 % pepper enrichment, 32.5% onion and 17.5% pebe was selected through sensorial analysis by the panellist as the best specimen. This retained product exhibited about 50% of DPPH scavenging activity compare to ascorbic acid taken as control.


Introduction
The increase in the size and proportion of urban population raises the demand for food and hence the need for urban agriculture [1].In view of contributing to the nation's industrial and economic growth through innovation while maintaining quality and satisfying consumer needs, pepper (Capsicum chinenses) was the local product of interest since consumers nowadays demand high quality foods having 'fresh' or 'natural' characteristics but requiring a minimum amount of preparation [2].Pepper is a perishable fruit which starts life green but turns red, orange, yellow or purple as they ripen upon maturation and it was ranked the second valuable fruit after tomatoes with an estimated total production of 88,000 metric tons in 2011 [3,4].Capsicums are important food additives in many parts of the world, valued for their sensory attributes of colour, pungency and aroma [5].Consumers with their many choices regarding food supply tend to be very selective about the products they purchase and hence demand a wide variety of products that are of high quality and offer nutritious and good value [6].As a result, they tend to get interest in the relationship between diet and health which causes them to utilize nutrient content and health claim information from food labels to make their purchase choices.As a consequence, industries have now been involved in the production of formulated products that are obtained by associating and mixing diverse raw materials from either natural or synthetic origin in order to produce foods that meet the demands of these consumers and as well remain in the market [6,7].But formulation in food industries as reported by Jean-Marie and Gilbert makes use of mostly ingredients from natural origin in order to increase the performance of a product while enhancing conservation and utilization [7].In the same line, it is necessary to give an added value to some local ingredients (garlic, onion, pebe and white pepper) through the formulation of pepper (Capsicum chinenses) cubes in order to improve its performance and flavouring attributes.
Due to carotenoids, ascorbic acid, tocopherol, and other phytochemical contents pepper consumption can reduce the risk of diseases, such as arthritis, cardiovascular disease, cancer and also delaying the aging process [8][9][10].The major preservation forms of this fruit are pepper powder, pepper oleoresin (pepper oil) and preservation in acid brine [11][12][13].To our best knowledge pepper preservation in the cube form have not yet be done, hence C. chinenses cultivar was chosen with the aim of giving it an added value through the diversification of the product's availability and the enhancement of its preservation techniques since it is perishable; lasting only for a few days after harvest and still decaying upon refrigeration [11,14].Therefore the main objective of this work was to diversify the preservation technique

Materials
The studied materials used were pepper, white pepper, garlic, onion and pebe.Table 1 presents the samples names, their family, the forms and parts in which they were used

Sampling
Fresh yellow pepper as a major component of the formulation was harvested from a farmland at Boussiraiat about 45 Km from Ngaoundere (Adamawa Region, Cameroon).Pebe, White pepper, Garlic and Onion was bought from a local market in Ngaoundere.The origins of pebe and white pepper were Yokadouma (East Region) and Penja (Littoral Region) respectively, while garlic and onion were from Garoua (North Region).Picture 1 shows the different samples before processing.

Scheme of work
The realization of the set objectives for this work was made possible through a sequential advancement as represented on figure 1.  Sieving: The ground samples were then sieved using an Analysensieb 500 µm sieve with model number 305714 to obtain particle sizes of less than or equal to 500 µm.

Preparation of the Samples
Peeling: Garlic and onion were peeled and the peels discarded.They were ground immediately after washing and prior to mixing to prevent oxidation and discolouration.
Mixing: White pepper, Garlic and pepper were mixed with the help of a blender to obtain a pepper enrichment on which preliminary tests were carried out.Onion and pebe were further being added to the enrichment and mixed thoroughly to obtain spiced pepper enrichment.

Moulding:
The spiced pepper enrichment obtained after mixing was then formed into desired shapes and preserved in the refrigerator to increase the product's shelf life.

Survey on Pepper Consumption
The investigation of pepper consumption was carried out with women with ages range from 25 to 70 years old, who are the main marketers, processers, buyers, and users [16].In this investigation, information concerning forms of preservation, spices used and appreciation of a new form of pepper preservation in the town of Ngaoundere-Cameroon were collected.The information was collected from sixty five (65) women chose randomly.The investigation was carried out with the aim of knowing the types of spices commonly used by women, as well as quantifying the proportions of these spices so as to properly situate the lower and upper intervals for the mixture design.With the help of a questionnaire, the women were being asked questions and their responses noted to the corresponding question.

Formulation for Pepper Cubes
The production of pepper cubes using five components required a mixture of these components in appropriate proportions so as to obtain a homogeneous mixture equivalent to 100%.Each constituent had a percentage that depended on the others as described by Goupy and Creighton that when the quantity of one constituent increases the other reduces [17].
The experimental domain of the major component (pepper) was set as 70-85% while white pepper and garlic had as domains 10-25% and 5-20% respectively.All parameters were coded as 0 for lower limit and 1 for upper limit.Minitab 14 was used as software to generate the experimental matrix for the formulation and analysis of experimental data.Table 2 clearly shows the experimental matrix where X 1 represents pepper, X 2 , White pepper and X 3 is garlic given as pseudo-components, while Table 3 indicates the same parameters in reel values.Ten experiments were carried out in order to define the optimum proportions of the basic components (pepper, garlic and white pepper) using

Enrichment and Production of Spiced Pepper
The desired cube product defined as a mixture spices is to have a high vitamin C, phenolic compound contents so as to give to the product a high antioxidant property.In view of obtaining a product with expected characteristics, onion and pebe were used as additives in different proportions.According to Vaclavik and Christian, food additives are substances or a mixture of substances other than a basic foodstuff, added to foods for specific physical or technical effects [18].Onion was used in greater quantities than pebe because of the technical advantage i.e. its high moisture content was used to humidify the powders so as to facilitate moulding upon compression.Pebe was chosen and used to improve the aroma of the pepper cube since the kernels possess very strong aroma as reported by Enwereuzoh, et al. [19].The desired mass for the cubes was 10 g and table 4 represents the different proportions of the two ingredients which were introduced as additives in 50% of pepper cube.Therefore, as shown in table 4, the masses of these chose additives were varied from 3-4g for onion and from 1-2 g for pebe while the mass of the enriched pepper was kept at 5 g.

Production process of pepper cubes
The production of pepper cubes was done using five local ingredients and following a sequential step as shown on figure 2 and 3, which clearly outlines the unit operations during the production.

Valorization of Pepper (Capsicum Chinenses Linn) Through Formulation and Production of Ready to Use Cubes from Cameroonian Local Spices
Copyright: © 2018 Mezajoug Kenfack LB, et al.

Physicochemical Characterization Chemical Analyses Dry Matter and Ash Content of the Samples
The determination of the dry matter of samples was done using the AFNOR method and the ash content was performed using the method described by AOAC [20,21].

Total Proteins, Lipids and Carbohydrate Content
The total nitrogen was determined after mineralization of the samples according to the Kjeldahl method, using boric acid solution in the presence of an indicator as described by AACC [22].The total nitrogen was then converted into total protein content by multiplying with 6.25 as conversion factor.The total lipids were extracted using the Soxhlet extractor as described in the Russian method described by Bourely [23].Total carbohydrate contents were estimated by difference between the sum of other major nutrient components (protein and fat) and moisture content according to FAO using the following formula [24]: Total Carbohydrate contents (%) = 100 -(% [protein + fat + moisture content])

Determination of Vitamin C and Total Phenolic Contents
The vitamin C content was determined by the official AOAC titrimetric method using the 2, 6 Dichlorophenol indophenols [25].While the crude total phenolic compounds were extracted with 70% ethanol and then assessed with the Folin -Ciocalteu reagent as described by Marigo [26].

DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity Assay
The antioxidant activity was determined by the capacity of a component to trap a free radical or to give an atom of hydrogen according to the method described by Zhang and Hamauzu with some modifications [27]. 2 ml of freshly prepared DPPH solution (0.1 mM prepared in methanol) was introduced into a test tube containing 0.5 ml of sample extract.The mixture was thoroughly mixed for 5 min and incubated in darkness for 30 min at ambient temperature (25°C).For the control tube, methanol was used in the place of the sample extract.Ascorbic acid was used as positive control, the methanol replacing the sample extract, was used as the negative control.The absorbance of the resulting solution was read at 517 nm, and the antioxidant activity of the sample extracts was calculated as follow:

Physical analyses: Colour determination of pepper cube
The colour of the cubes was determined using the CIE L, a, b coordinates L*, a* and b*, where L*, a* and b* values were recorded, with L* indicating lightness (+) or darkness (-), a* indicating red (+) or green (-) and b* indicating yellow (+) or bleu (-).The three values are needed to completely describe the colour of an object [28].
The samples were placed on a clean white paper and introduced in a wooden box for image acquisition.The image was introduced in the computer for pre-processing, segmentation and colour conversion from RGB to Lab space, using the ''Image J'' software.The measurements were made directly on the top (upper) surface, which was always steady, of cylindrical samples and the L*, a* and b* values were recorded.The color intensity (C) and the hue angle (hab) were calculated using the formulas below:

Sensory analysis and hedonic evaluation
Descriptive sensory analysis is the sensory method chosen because it enables discrimination between a range of products based on their sensory characteristics and it also enables panelists to identify and quantify a product's sensory properties [29].Hedonic evaluation was also done according to method described by Aka Boigny et al. [30] with some modifications to determine the degree of consumer acceptance or preference.For this evaluation 12 panelists were randomly chosen based on their frequency and their awareness in pepper consumption and use.They were sensitized on the objective of the sensory analysis.They were also ready to undergo and how they were expected to fill the form based on their sensory judgments.Five pepper cube samples with different varied proportions in additives and different codes were presented to each panelist and potable water, bread was provided to them also for chewing and rinsing of the mouth after each sample.A 9-point scale form that ranged from (9)-like extremely to (1) disliked extremely was given to each panelistto record their opinion to assess appearance (colour), shape, size, flavour, friability, and the overall acceptability of the product.The radar plot was used to represent the panelist view of each sensorial characteristic of the product.

Survey on pepper consumption
A survey was carried in Adamawa region of Cameroon.Sixty five women were sampled with the aim to know the level of pepper consumption, the colour of peppers used and the spices used during preparation.Out of the sampled population, it was essential to know the consumption rate of pepper and figure 4 shows the consumption level of pepper where 76.92% of the sampled population consume pepper and 23.08% do not.Out of this percentage, 70% use pepper directly in food during cooking while 30% consume as accompaniment.This finding is in-line with studies shown by Tchiégang et al. [12] in Cameroon that pepper is used directly as a spice in human nutrition or indirectly (as accompaniment) after transformation.These choices of  Out of the individuals who consume pepper, 85.71% of them were found to consume pepper in its fresh form and 11.43% use the powder form to cook.While 2.86% go for both the powder and the fresh forms.These forms of pepper consumption chosen confirms studies that were done by Segnou et al. [31] Which states that pepper fruits are consumed fresh or dried either as whole fruit or ground?The preference for the fresh form is due to its availability, accessibility and reduced pungency according to Ozgur et al. [32] Which stipulates that dried foods are more concentrated than fresh foods? Figure 5 shows that 50% of the sampled population prefers yellow colour 30% preferred colour while 20% has no particular preference.The yellow colour is consumed more than the orange and red colours.This can be due to the fact that the population desires pepper with mild pungency and orange peppers are not popular in Cameroon.In fact Tchiégang and Ngassoum reported in Cameroon that yellow peppers are less pungent than red peppers [11].
In order to know which ingredients are used along with pe pper during peppersauce preparation, the sampled population were interrogated.Figure 6shows the ingredients commonly used by the women during the preparation of their pepper sauces Figure 6 indicates that, onion, garlic, pebe and white pepper are the ingredients commonly used by women during pepper sauce preparations.Chemical properties of raw materials

Chemical properties of raw materials
The results obtained after analysis of the five raw materials (pepper, white pepper, pebe, garlic and onion) used during the production of pepper cube sare presented in table 5.

Vitamin C contents
The vitamin C content for pepper was 12.88mg/100 g which is in line with the range of 12.0 to 44.4 mg/100 g [33] for red varieties but lower than that of dried chilli (26 mg/100 g) [34].This difference can be due to the sensitivity of this vitamin to oxidation upon drying and exposure to light during grinding as well as the maturity, growth conditions and cultivar.It has been reported that factors such as genotype, environment and fruit maturity affect the ascorbic acid content [35,36].

Crude phenolic compounds
The crude phenolic compound for pepper was calculated and obtained as 12.76 mg/100g which was the highest value recorded for this parameter.Pebe, white pepper showed a slight variation with 5.36 mg/100 g and 4.42 mg/100 g being the values recorded for these ingredients.Onion and garlic presented the least values of 1.46 mg/100 g and 1.37 mg/100 g respectively.The value of the phenolic compound for garlic was 1.37 mg/100 g which is the same value obtained by Womeni et al. [37] in Cameroon.Pebe had a value 5.36 mg/100 g which is fairly above 3.22 mg/100 g obtained by Womeni et al. [37].This difference could be the result of the storage conditions of the spice.

Lipid contents
The highest lipid content was recorded in pebe with a value of 9.60%.This value is close to 8.92% obtained by Chibuzor and Assumpta [38].This difference could be due to variation in the origin and variety of the products and it could also be partly attributed to the method fanalyses.White pepper and pepper recorded fairly higher values of 5.23% and 4.15% respectively.High lipid content is indicative of the fact that the sespicesare good sources of flavors in cetheyare rich in essential oil [19].

Protein contents
The total protein contents of raw materials were determined using Kjeldhal method.From the five ingredients used, the highest protein content value calculated was from pebe (24.45%), followed by pepper (19.90%), garlic (18.73%) and white pepper (15.75%) while the least value was recorded in onion (3.62).The protein content of pebe (24.45%)is approximately close to 27.57% obtained by Enwereuzoh [19].This observed difference could be at tribute to the stage of maturity of the spice at the time of harvest, the variety of cultivar and partly to the method of analyses used [19].

Physico chemical analysis: Colour analysis
Colour analysis carried out on the raw materials and table 6 summarizes the result.Lightness (L), trichromatic parameters L, a*, b*, Chroma (C) and Hue value (H) were calculated.
From table 6, whitepaper had the highest L*value of 99.82 followed by garlic with 97.18 the nonion with85.35.This could be due to the presence of starch which is whitish since studies carried by Pruthi [39] showed that this spice contains 52% of starch.The white pepper is most lightness ingredient amongst the 5 spices while the least lightness Oradell colour is pebe with an L* value of 41.99.The b*value of 56.67 for pepper was shown to be the highest followed by garlic with 37.28.These values reveal that they are both more yellowish in colour than the rest of the spices where white pepper was seen with the least value of 17.31.Mean while, pebe with value of 28.20 was observed to have more yellowish colour than onion.The colour variation in these spices could be due to varied quantities and types of colour pigments found in them since the spices are of different varieties, origin and families.The Hue angle value range from 0 to 360°.The Hue angles for white pepper, garlic and onion were 108.92, 105.97 and 113.20 respectively.From the Hue disc, these samples have colours ranging between lemon yellow and yellow green, implying that these spices have components that are responsible for slight green colour they possesses.Pebe and pepper had Hue values of 86.94 and 79.18 and from the Hue disc, these spices range between orange yellow and yellow.This can be as a result of the colour pigments contents.

Production of pepper cubes
The Simplex Lattice Design was carried out through 10 experiments to determine the appropriate quantity of the principal ingredients used for the pepper cubes formulation.Table7 presents the experimental matrix carried out along with different responses obtained for each trial.X 1 , X 2 and X 3 are the proportions of pepper, white pepper and garlic respectively.Table 7 shows the results obtained considering vitamin C contents as response for 10 formulations.Formulations 1, 5 and 6 showed equal vitamin content (6.963mg/100 g), which was the highest response among all.The lower (4.940mg/100mg) response was obtained from the third formulation.To better understand the influence of the different factors to the response, the contour plot was drawn (figure7) with Mini tabas software.This mixture contour plot represents the evolution of the surface response for the experimental domain for the 3factors (pepper, white pepper and garlic).Tegression There egression model obtained from these response is shows by the following equation: Y=6.59A +6.96B+4.94C +0.73 A*B-2.82A*C+4.03 B*C +33.96A*B*-18.98A*C -12.74 A*A*B*C Where Y is the response, A (pepper), B (white paper) and C (garlic) are the factors The statistical analysis was performed at the level of 5%.(Table 8) shows the ANOVA analysis of the vitamin C contents in the mixture design studied.The linear and the full cubic terms with p-values lower than 0.05; significantly influence the vitamin C content of the product.In order to produce the pepper cube with higher quantity of vitamin C, the studied factors were optimized.Thus, the formula obtained for maximum amount of vitamin C content as pseudo components was A=0.778, B=0.222, C=0.The equivalent corresponding proportions (in%) for these components were 0.817,0.133and 0.05% respectively for A, B and C. The implementation of this optimal proportions gave 10.578± 0.619mg as vitamin content which was very close to the predicted value(10.056mg).This result along with the higher value of the determination coefficient (R2=99.94%)testified that the proposed model explaining the phenomenon is acceptable and therefore can be used to predict the vitamin C content of the final product.In fact, to be acceptable, the coefficient of determination (R2) should be higher than 80% [40].

Sensory evaluation and acceptability
The mean scores of the varied responses obtained from the hedonic acceptance and descriptive sensory tests of the five peppers on cubes am pleaser summarized on figures 8 and 9 Sample107 had an overall preference over the other four followed by sample 218.This can be explained by the fact thatsample107 had the least pungencas are sult of the smaller quantity of onion used.In fact onion has been reported by Pruthi [39] to be pungent as are sult of the interaction between S-substituted-L-cysteine sulfoxide derivative sand allinase enzymes.Hence 7.5g of onion used in sample218 contributed to the increment of the products pungency.
From figure 8, it was noticed that all of the samples fell within the acceptability zone with average means cores between 6and7.In order to select the best formulation among the five samples, samples107and 218 scores were drawn individually.Figure9 shows the hedonic acceptance and descriptive sensory of the samples 107 and 218.
From figure 9, it is clear that with the combination of the studied parameters, sample 107was more preferred than sample218.In fact, it recorded 6.83 asscoreona scale of 9 compare to sample 218, which score was6.47/9.Both samples were retained for further analyses.

Chemical analyses of the retained samples
The two final retained samples were analyzed biochemically and results are represented in table9.As shown in table9, the lipid content for sample107 was10.58%while the one of sample218 was 9.14%.The protein content for sample107 (49.51%) was also slightly higher than that of sample 218 (47.24%).This difference can be due to the varied quantity of pebe used in their formulation.Sample 218 had 1g of pebe while sample107 possessed 1.75g and it is the spice that was shown to contain the highest lipid content among the 5 ingredients.The carbohydrate contents of both samples were very low 0.28 and 2.38% respectively for sample 107and sample218.Ash content for sample107 (2.60%) was less than that of sample218 (2.86%) and this could be because of the solubility of some minerals in the available moisture provided by the onion.Also, it could be as a result of the origins of the product's components since the chemical composition of plants are controlled by climate, soil and plant factors and same plant species might show different responses to uptake of nutrients from the soil [41].From these analyses, sample 107 was shown to have a higher vitamin C content of 127.46 mg vitamin C/100 g of dry weight compared to sample 218 which had 110.44 mg vitamin C/100 g of dry weight.It was also shown to contain a higher level of phenolic compounds (69.28 mg/100 g) than sample 218 with a total phenolic content of 66.35 mg/100 g.This could be as a result of interactions between the phenolic compounds and other constituents found in the other spices since phenolic compounds belong to different classes which react differently [42].The sample 107 can therefore be suggested to contain a higher antioxidant property than sample 218 since vitamin C and phenolic compounds both have antoxidative potentials [43].

Valorization of Pepper (Capsicum Chinenses Linn) Through Formulation and Production of Ready to Use Cubes from Cameroonian Local Spices
Copyright: © 2018 Mezajoug Kenfack LB, et al.

Colour analyses
The L*, a*, and b*, Chroma and Hue angle characteristics of the retained samples after sensory evaluation are summarized in table5.The L*value (lightness) for sample107was shown to be 47.48; higher than that of sample218 (35.40).Both samples had values below 50 implying that they had dark colours with that of sample218 having a much darker colour.The redness(a*value) were 0.94 and 1.03 respectively for samples 107 and 218, indicating that both samples have more of the greenish colour than the red which could be due to the presence of the components from garlic and onions in cethey show edhigher negative values(greenness) of -10.66and-8.29 respectively.From the*values, Sample 218showeda more greenish colour than sample107.The yellowness of the food products as specified by b*for both samples (107and218) were 28.27 and 24.39 respectively.The Chroma(C) or colour strength refers to the amount of visual difference from a grey of the same value.It is the intensity and the saturation level of a particular hue (closest "pure "colour).The Chroma values for samples 107 and218 were 28.29 and 24.42 respectively.This indicates that the colour intensity of sample 107 was much closer to the saturation of level of pure pepper (56.76) than sample 218.This difference in the saturation level between samples107, 218 and pure pepper can be as a result of the low Chrome values of onion(21.03),whitepepper (18.25)and pebe (28.73).The Hue angle is the attribute of colour by which it is perceived to be red, yellow ,green, blue, purple, etc and generally ranges from 0 to 360°.The Hue angles of samples 107 and 218 were 88.19 and 87.60respectively which fall within the desired range.From the Hue disc, these two samples eventually have colours found between orange yellow to yellow which is due to pepper the main component in the products.

DPPH radical-scavenging activity
DPPH free radicals cavenging method was used to evaluate the antioxidant activities of there obtained formulations.Figure10 shows that, both of the retained samples can scavenged the free radical at different proportions.In order to compare the free DPPH radicals cavenging activity of retained samples (107and218), with the one provided by as corbic acid used as reference, the IC50 was calculated (figure11).IC50 is the concentration of sample (mg/ ml) required to scavenge 50% of DPPH.It was determined from figure10 which shows the percentage of DPPH inhibition activity vers us the different concentrations of samples.The DPPH scavenging effect for sample 218 was lower than that of sample107.This can be due to the fact that, the vitamin C and phenolic content values in the sample were lower (110.44mg vitamin C/100g dry weight and 66.35 mg/100g dry weight) for vitamin C and phenolic compounds respectively.Both samples showed lower IC50 values compared to ascorbic acid.However, sample107exhibited about 50% of DPPHs cavenging activity compared to ascorbic acid.With this, sample107can be used for scavenging of free radical in our body more than sample208.In fact in 2012, Everette and Islam [44] reported that vitamin C interact with and stabilize free radicals within the body.
Base on all the above analyses, the best proportions for pepper cube making was defined as 50%of pepper enrichment, 32.5%of onion and 17.5% of pebe.

Conclusion
This work was carried out with the aim of formulated of pepper cube by adding white pepper, garlic, onion and pebe.Pepper cube formulated with the selocal ingredients found in Cameroon will promote the revalorization.The sensory acceptance of this product implies that, it present characteristics desired by consumers.This acceptance will enable its economic effect and allow users to gain time in labour.From this study, it is evident that it could be a means of contributing towards the economic and industrial growth by promoting technological innovations through research.

Picture 2 :
The studied samples were prepared according to their nature and base on the unit operations which are briefly explained as fellow: Citation: Mezajoug Kenfack LB, Mugob Bonyesih KM Eric Serge N, et al. (2018) Valorization of Pepper (Capsicum Chinenses Linn) Through Formulation and Production of Ready to Use Cubes from Cameroonian Local Spices J Nutrition Health Food Sci 6(6):1-14.DOI: 10.15226/jnhfs.2018.001147Valorization of Pepper (Capsicum Chinenses Linn) Through Formulation and Production of Ready to Use Cubes from Cameroonian Local Spices Copyright: © 2018 Mezajoug Kenfack LB, et al.Spiced pepper cube

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Production process of spiced pepper paste

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Production process of spiced pepper cubes be explained by the fact that cooking directly in food saves time and gives an additional flavour to food.

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: Representation of pepper consumers and non-consumers of pepper from the sampled population

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: Representation of the colours of pepper chosen by consumers

Figure 6 :
Figure 6: Representation of the ingredients used during the preparation of pepper sauce

Figure 7 :
Figure 7: Mixture contour plot for Vitamin Content

Figure 8 :
Figure 8: Hedonic acceptance and descriptive sensory of the pepper cube samples

Figure 10 :
Figure 10: DPPH radical scavenging activity of the retained samples in comparison with ascorbic acid as standard

Figure 11 :
Figure 11: IC 50 values of the retained samples and ascorbic acid

Table 1 :
Presentation of the names, family and part of the biological materials used

Table 2 :
Varying proportions of pepper, white pepper and garlic as

Table 4 :
Varying masses (g) of onion and pebe in different formulations

Table 5 :
Chemical composition of raw materials (% of fresh weigh)

Table 7 :
Experimental matrix and different responses for the mixture design

Table 8 :
Analysis of variance for vitamin C contents

Table 9 :
Physico-chemical properties of the retained samples (% of