Protective Effects of Green Tea and Moringa Leave Extracts and Their Bio-Yoghurts against Oxidative Effects of Lead Acetate in Albino Rats

Background: Health benefits of designed functional foods using dairy fermented products in co-production with medicinal herbs are under comprehensive investigations. Yoghurt has triggered a functional food revolution while green tea and Moringa oleifera represent precious source of high content of various types of antioxidants and micronutrients. Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation are suggested mechanisms involved in lead toxicity. The aim of present study was to assess protective effects of green tea and moringa leave extracts and their bio-yoghurts against lead acetate-induced oxidative stress in male rats by following liver weight and enzymes and lipids profile. Materials and Methods: A total of 42 male albino rats were divided into seven groups. Group I was left as control; fed on standard diet only and lead acetate free water. Group II was fed on standard diet and drink Pb-Ac contaminated water (0.3%). Group III was fed on standard diet, drink Pb-Ac contaminated water and orally injected with 882mg/ kg of rat body weight extract of green tea. Group IV was fed on standard diet, drink Pb-Ac contaminated water and orally injected with 882mg/ kg of rat body weight extract of Moringa oleifera leaves. Group V was fed on standard diet, drink Pb-Ac contaminated water and orally injected with 15 g of yoghurt. Group VI was fed on standard diet, drink Pb-Ac contaminated water and orally injected with 15 g of green tea yoghurt (88.2mg /kg rat wt green tea extract). Group VII was fed on standard diet, drink lead acetate (PbAc) contaminated water and orally injected with 15 g of moringa yoghurt (88.2mg /kg rat wt moringa leaves extract). Absolute and relative liver was followed after five weeks. Liver enzymes were determined including Alanine Aminotransaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Aminotransaminase (AST). Lipid profile of rat blood serum was measured including Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), and High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Results: The rat liver weight of lead intoxicated group (G II) was increased significantly in compared to the rest of tested groups. The order of relative liver weight of rat treated groups was as follow: GII > GV > GVI > GVII> GIII> GIV> GI. The rats fed on green tea or Moringa oleifera extracts and their bio yoghurt showed a significant decrease in the ALT and AST levels compared to Pb-Ac intoxicated rat (GII). Meanwhile, enzymes level was improved at less extend in rat group fed with plain yoghurt (GV). Moringa leaves extract alone or in yoghurt had a superior lowering effect on TC and LDL compared with green tea extract. Moreover, a similar effect was observed of both plant extracts on TG and HDL. Conclusion: Green tea and Moringa oleifera extracts alone or in bio-yoghurts were able to provide protective effects against oxidative stress induced by lead acetate. Also, plain yoghurt had a relief effect but at lesser extent.


Introduction
Fermented dairy foods are progressively become more and more popular as a result of numerous of associated health benefits.Beside the contents of high-quality protein, and bioavailability calcium, it is recognized as powerful functional foods.Fermented dairy products are fine sources of highly digestible nutrients particularly for individuals suffer from food allergy like lactose intolerance, active and antioxidant components [1,2] and beneficial probiotic intestinal inhabitant organisms [3].Recent meta-analyses of cohort studies have shown that dairy; mainly the ferments, consumption is related with a lowering risk of heart diseases, high blood pressure, stroke and diabetes [4][5][6][7].
Formulation of novel dairy products using medicinal herbs or its extracts is very interested area for food industries to meet the health conscious consumers' demand to bring more functionality values and flourish the flavor of the new products.
Green tea (Camellia sinensis var.Sinensis) is second only to drinking water as the most used beverage on the earth.Health benefits of green tea are manly related with its antioxidant contents [8].Beside of the proposed health advantages, green tea is highly appreciated due to its aroma and taste.The antioxidant properties are mainly anticipated to polyphenol content.A lot of studies concerning green tea extract have been directed at its possible anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular and anti-carcinogenic effects [9].In responded to document health benefits of tea catchenis, new products have been developed with tea as an energetic ingredient such as tea beverages, ice creams, cereal and pet foods.It is reported that tea is produced with milk in different concentrations to order to enhance sensory characteristics however; tea herb is not regularly consumed with milk hence though new formula of green tea with soy and other milk products are increasing [10].Implementation of green tea infusion during yoghurt production led to enhance the antioxidant capacity in final product and promote the growth of Lactobacillus spp.and S. thermophiles during fermentation [11].Panelists appreciated cheddar cheese prepared with green tea extract while antiradical activity of cheese had increased significantly [12].
Moringa oleifera is a tropical tree with well recognized nutritional and medicinal properties.Moringa is consumed by humans throughout the century in diverse culinary ways [13].The leaves can be consumed fresh, cooked, or dried and stored for months without any major loss of its nutritional value [14].
Moringa leaves are an abundant source of polyphenols [16], flavonoids [17], minerals [18], alkaloids and proteins [19,20].The substances such as bioactive carotenoids, tocopherols and vitamin C showed health-promoting potential in maintaining a balanced diet and protecting against free-radical damage that might initiate many diseases [21].
Lead (Pb) is a very strong oxidizing agent has been praised for its negative effects toward different body organs and their functions [29].It is postulated that the key lead toxicity targets are the heme-biosynthesis enzymes, thiolcontaining antioxidants, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and antioxidant compounds like Glutathione (GSH).Even at low levels in bloodstream lead is able to decrease enzymes activity and stimulate generation of reactive free radicals species and intensification oxidative stress [30].
The present work aimed to evaluate the potential protective effects of green tea and moringa leaves extracts and their bio-yoghurt against the amelioration of lead induced oxidative stress in albino rats.

Plant materials and extraction
Sri Lankan dried Green Tea Leaves (GTL) in tea bags were purchased from Alexandria local markets (Ahmad Tea Ltd., Winchester Road, Hampshire, UK).Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL) powder was purchased from Egyptian Scientific Association of Moringa, Cairo.The preparation of GLT and MOL extracts were basically prepared according to [11,31] respectively.Plant leaves extract was prepared at a concentration of 10% (w/w) in distilled water.For green tea extraction the mixture was heated and held at 90°C for 15 min then filtered through Whatman ® no.
4. The extraction of moringa leaves was performed in distillation apparatus uses 300 mm graham condenser.The MOL in water was boiled and held for 10 min.The aqueous extract stock solutions (100 mg/ml) were freshly prepared for each set of experiments and stored in dark at 4°C for up to 5 days.

Yoghurt production
Fresh homogenized full fat-milk (3.7% fat) was mixed with FCMP, SMP and WPC at 60°C using Vorwerk ® (Thermomix, France).Then solubilized gelatin and stabilizer were added.The final volume was completed with warmed water to produce standardized milk mixture.The solid content of the yoghurt mixture was around 15-17%.The mixture was heated at 90-95°C for 10 min.then the blend is homogenized to mix all ingredients thoroughly and improve yogurt consistency.The standardized milk mixture was cooled to 42-45°C and divided into three portions.The first two milk portions were mixed with extract stock solutions of green tea and moringa at final concentration of 1.0 % (w/w).Subsequently, the milk mixtures were inoculated with the thermophilic FD-DVS YoFlex ® starter then poured into 150-ml sterile cups and incubated at 42-45°C for 4-6 h until firm coagula were formed (pH of =4.8).Subsequently, yoghurts were partially cooled at room temperature before stored at 7 °C for 14 days while, it were used in animal feeding experiments.

Chemicals
Lead (II) acetate (Ac-Pb) were purchased from Sigma (Sigma, Chemical Co., USA) and prepared daily in drinking tap water at concentration of 0.3% (w/v).Lead acetate was consumed by rats in diet as = 500 mg/kg diet daily for five weeks.

Biochemical assays
Liver Enzymes of alanine aminotransaminase (ALT/ GPT) and aspartate aminotransaminase (AST/GOT) were determined using Biosystems ® colorimetric kits (Biosystems, Barcelona, Spain) according to the method described by Gella et al. [32].Triglycerides (TG) in serum was determined using Reactivos ® enzymatic colorimetric kit (Reactivos ® GPL, Barcelona, Spain) according to the method described by Bucolo and David [33] and modified by Fossati and Prencipe [34].Serum total cholesterol was determined using Reactivos ® enzymatic colorimetric kit (Reactivos ® GPL, Barcelona, Spain) according to Meiattini et al. [35].High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) was determined by participating of low and very density lipoprotein cholesterols (LDL; VLDL) with phosphotungstate and magnesium ion then HDL in the supernatant was measured by Biosystems ® colorimetric kit (Biosystems, Barcelona, Spain) according to the method described by Grove [36].LDL was calculated from the equation of Friedewald et al. [37] as follow LDL = Total cholesterol -(HDL + (TG/5))

Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed using the SPSS statistics®.13software.The Waller-Duncan k-ratio was used to determine the significance of the differences among treatments [38] at probability level of P < 0.05.

Effect on liver weight
The effect of fed lead acetate in drinking water (=500 mg/kg body wt) on the rats liver weight and the impact of oral administration of green tea or moringa leave extracts and their bio-yoghurts is shown in Table (1).The liver weights were increased significantly in all animals exposed to the Pb-Ac (p<0.05)comparatively to the control group (Table 1).The relative liver weight of tested animal groups was ranked as GII < GV < GVI < GVII< GIII < GIV< GI.These results showed that GTE and MLE gave the highest liver protective effects against the exposure to Pb-Ac.The fortification of yoghurt with plant extracts enhanced the therapeutic effects in compared to plain yoghurt which also showed relief potency (p<0.05).In agreement with our results, Ibrahim et al [39] showed that Pb +2 at different concentration (1/20, 1/40 and 1/60 of LD 50 ) increased the weight of four organs (liver, kidney, spleen and heart).The increase in liver weight was associated with liver lipid accumulation [40] and total cholesterol and tri-glycerides were significantly increased in the rat liver extracts after 3 weeks of oral administration of lead acetate [41].Growing interest in health effects of green tea and moringa are resulted in a number of published studies have demonstrated that their leave extracts (aqueous, hydroalcohol, or alcohol) possess a wide range of effective biological activities including antioxidant, tissue protective (liver, kidneys, heart, testes, and lungs), analgesic, antiulcer, antihypertensive, radio protective, and immune modulatory actions [42,43].

Effect on liver enzymes
Plasma ALT and AST activities are monitored to indicate the liver functions in lead acetate intoxicated animals (= 500 mg/kg body wt) in relative to control rats (Fig 1 and 2).These results showed that oral uptake of Pb-Ac significantly stimulated

Protective Effects of Green Tea and Moringa Leave Extracts and Their Bio-Yoghurts against Oxidative Effects of Lead Acetate in Albino Rats
(P<0.05) the ALT and AST activities which indicated the damage of liver cell.It is reported that lead toxic effects are caused liberation of ALT and AST.Increasing of liver enzymes secretion is followed by production of free radicals, enhancement of liver microsomal fluidity and transformation in the tissue structure [44,45].Lead is a multifactorial toxic agent.It can directly disturb protein synthesis and enzymes activation, blocks trace elements absorption, and binds to sulfhydryl group resulting in decrease of body reserves of sulfhydryl antioxidants [46].The inhibition of protein synthesis might be due to its damaging effect towards DNA and RNA structures [44].
In the present study, green tea or moringa leave extracts (10%) and their bio-yoghurts (contained 1% extract) were found to be very effective in terms of protection from lead acetate induced toxicity in the albino rats.The results in Fig 1 and 2 revealed that ALT and AST; liver enzymes were significant improvement (P<0.05)upon oral admiration of plant extracts and their bio-yoghurts.Oral uptake of green tea or moringa extracts and their fortified yoghurts were not only lowered ALT level compared to exposed Pb-Ac group but also unexposed group (control group).Further, plain yoghurt also showed preventive effect as it is decreased the enzyme level (Fig 1).In the case with AST both extracts and their bio-yoghurts were concurred the same protective effect while there were no significant different among the groups as the enzyme levels were similar to unexposed control group (Fig 2).In agreement with the present data, it is reported that the liver enzymes included ALT, AST and ALP were significantly increased in lead treated rats in comparison with non-treated group [47].These enzymes were significantly reduced in lead exposed rats accompanied with oral fed GTE comparing with Pb-treated rats (Fig 2 ).Antioxidant components play an indispensable role to afford safeguard against oxidative stress maintain a balance between the active oxygen species formation and the endogenous antioxidant level.
Dietary polyphenols have a potent antioxidants play a key role in the synthesis of intracellular glutathione, Glutathione Peroxidase (Gpx) and attenuate mitochondrial oxidative stress [48].Green tea, Camellia sinensis is among the most common sources of polyphenol-rich foods and beverages.Researches on antioxidant content of green tea had captured remarkable attention as it able to mitigate metabolic syndrome features and to cut down the risks for cardiovascular diseases [49,50].Different phenolic compounds were identified in the present study using GC-MS analysis included phenolic acids such as caffeic acid, and flavonols such as myricetin (data not shown).In study on adults suffered from the metabolic syndrome, feeding with green tea resulted in increasing of glutathione and plasma antioxidant capacity [51].
Recently, the effect of GTE supplementation on liver enzymes in patients with nonalcoholic fatty has studied in double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial [52].Green tea treated group showed significant reductions in ALT and AST levels after 12 weeks of administration (P < 0.001).
Moringa oleifera Leaves (MOL) are considered as oasis of micro nutrients include essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals and β-carotene [53].For these reasons many countries are using it as an alternative source for nutritional supplements and growth promoters [54].
Curative effects of different plant parts (flower, leaves, seed, pods and stem) in rats intoxicated by acetaminophen are studied [55].The enzyme liver markers i.e.ALT and AST and the levels of oxidative damage markers including malondialdehyde

Protective Effects of Green Tea and Moringa Leave Extracts and Their Bio-Yoghurts against Oxidative Effects of Lead Acetate in Albino Rats
(MDA), and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) protein showed a significant increase after administration of moringa flowers and leaves hydroethanolic extracts.Moreover, the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were significantly increased (p < 0.05) compared to the severity damage liver in intoxicated rat group [55].
The moringa leaves contain diverse classes of phytochemicals beside of vitamins and carotenoids.These compounds are mainly contributed to the antioxidant properties as well as other biological activities [56].Inside the body, the generation of vitamin A from β-carotene content of MOL is efficiently carried out and gave significant hepatoprotective effects.Several studies have strongly suggested the therapeutic effects of MOL phenolic compounds refer to its antioxidant properties.The main target of antioxidant activity has been related with the ability of phenolic compounds to scavenge the generation of free radicals [57].Specific phenolic compounds also may play a role in the production of other antioxidant enzymes i.e. glutathione-S-transferase. In some cases, a certain phenolic classes have the ability to bind minerals which might be beneficial.For instance copper and iron can be initiators in the production of hydroxyl radical by the Fenton and Haber-Weiss reactions [58].The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of various phenolic compounds in MOLE (data not shown).
Plain yoghurt exhibited a protective effect against lead intoxication led to improve ALT and AST levels (Figs 1 and 2).Milk is recognized as a main source of high quality proteins and also bioactive peptides.A lot of scientific evidence is suggested that milk proteins have potential anticarcinogenic, antihypertensive, immune modulatory effects.Whey proteins showed to play a crucial role against cancer (colon, breast, and prostate gland).The anti-carcinogenic effects might be probably due to its ability to enhance cellular levels of glutathione, as well as promoting hormonal and cell-mediated immune responses [59].In agreement with the presented results, Abdel-Salam et al., [60] found that whey proteins alone or in combination with Artemisia and Capparis extracts had enhanced enzyme liver functions by lowering ALT and AST levels in led exposed rats.McIntosh et al [61] has been indicated that whey protein fractions (lactalbumins, lactoglobulin, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase and immunoglobulins) own anti-carcinogenic activity.Milk protein active peptides can be raise from inactive forms within the sequence of parent protein during gastrointestinal digestion or food enzymatic and fermentation processing.According to Kamau et al. [62], many bioactive peptides can be released through enzymatic hydrolysis of whole milk or precursor protein.
In the present study plain yogurt had a phenolic content (data not shown) which reflected that the milk proteins are the main source of these compounds.Yogurt itself contains amino acid such as tyrosin that has side chain group the same as phenolic group which give rise to the reading in total phenol [63].It is suggested that during fermentation phenolic acids such as ferulic and p-coumaric acid could be utilized by microorganisms converted to other phenolic acids such as vanillic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid before the break down of aromatic ring [6,65].

Effect on lipid profile
In regard to the results of serum lipid profile of lead intoxicated rat group, it is indicated that among the different types of serum lipoproteins -total cholesterol (TC) and the low density lipoprotein (LDL) were increased in opposite the high density lipoprotein (HDL) was significantly lowered meanwhile, triglyceride level (TG) kept unchanged (Fig 3-6).

Effect on plasma total cholesterol
As shown in Fig ( 3) oral fed of intoxicated Pb-Ac with green tea or moringa leaves extracts (10%) and its formulated bio-yoghurt was efficient in reducing the total cholesterol level from 143.85 mg/dl in the Pb-Ac oral intoxicated group to become 132.98 mg/dl and 116.42 mg/dl in rats that fed on green tea and moringa extracts respectively.Yoghurt showed curing effect by lowering total cholesterol in compare with lead acetate fed group (P < 0.05).Feeding with moringa yoghurt led to decrease cholesterol to level untreated lead acetate group (control).Oral administration of moringa was more effective to lower cholesterol compared to green tea.

Effect on plasma LDL -cholesterol
In Fig ( 4) rats fed on Pb-Ac supplemented with the green tea or moringa extracts exhibited a significant decrease (P < 0.05) on the levels of LDL-cholesterol than rats fed Pb-Ac without the addition of the tested extracts.The addition of moringa extract showed to have a higher effect than green tea extract (P < 0.05).Fed plain yoghurt in the presence of Pb-Ac decreased the LDL than rats fed on Pb-Ac alone.Oral fed with bio-yogurts produced with plant extracts affected LDL.The LDL level of moringa yoghurt rat group was similar to control rat group (Fig 4).

Effect on plasma HDL-cholesterol
In the rat groups that fed on the Pb-Ac with green tea or moringa extract or its bio-yoghurt, the plasma HDL Cholesterol levels were significantly higher than the rats fed on Pb-Ac alone (P< 0.05).The highest levels of HDL cholesterol were noticed with extracts received groups while there was no significant effect between green tea and moringa rat groups (Fig 5).Yoghurt enhanced HDL Cholesterol level compared to Pb-Ac fed group (P< 0.05) while fortification of yoghurt with either extract increased HDL-Cholesterol to level control group.

Effect on plasma triglycerides
Changes in the plasma triglycerides levels of rats fed on different tested diets are given in Fig (6).Level of triglyceride in the rats groups included control, oral fed Pb-Ac and Pb-Ac + yoghurt showed no significant differences (P < 0.05).Green tea or moringa extracts alone or in fortified bio-yoghurts reported significant decrease (P< 0.05) in the plasma triglycerides levels compared not only to Pb-Ac group but also with control group.
The increment of LDL values in rabbits exposed to Pb-Ac showed to increase in the LDL-cholesterol biosynthesis by hepatic cells as well to decrease in the molecules reuptake by a receptor mediated endocytosis [66].It is reported that lead exposure also resulted in enhanced hepatic cholesterogenesis and hypertriglyceridemia [40].Hami et al., [67] found a positive correlation between the serum lead level and the levels of serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol.The Pb-Ac exposure elevated oxidative stress resulted in defect in the receptor parallel with a decrease in the reuptake of the cholesterol molecules remain a high serum level of it [68][69][70][71].The presence of HDL molecules indicates that the cholesterol is transported from the peripheral tissues to liver to be metabolized and excreted as bile acids [72].The low intracellular cholesterol level is triggered hepatocyts to reduce the HDL biosynthesis [66].In the present study the reduction of HDL in lead group might be attributed to a defect in the intrahepatic cholesterol metabolisms a result to persisting of serum LDL and VLDL caused by lead oxidative damage.In corresponding with the present study, it is reported that oral uptake of 2.5 mg/kg bwt Pb-Ac caused an increment in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, total triacylglycerol and reduction in HDL cholesterol [73].
A number of epidemiological studies have been suggested that the consumption of green tea is well correlated with a lower risk factors would cause coronary heart disease;

Pulverized Mangifera Indica (mango) Seed kernel Mitigated Monosodium Glutamate-Intoxicated rats' Kidney Histology and Bio-functions
Copyright: © 2017 Egbuonu and Oriji however the mechanisms of action for these findings have remained unclear.Many studies have shown that green tea may impact the cardiovascular function through mechanisms of action related to LDL-cholesterol oxidation [74,75].Antioxidant activity of green tea EC ((-)-epicatechin) and EGCG ((-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate) have able to reduce a risk for atherosclerosis and heart disease by suppressing the oxidation of LDL cholesterol.In vitro study demonstrated that the antioxidant activity of EGCG on LDL oxidation was stronger than that of EC [76].Trevisanato and Kim [77] indicated that green tea polyphenols may reduce atherogenesis by slowing the oxidative rate of LDL-cholesterol and relative episodes i.e. foam cell formation, endothelial cytotoxicity and induction of proinflammatory cytokines.It is suggested that consumption of ground green tea inhibited the susceptibilities of LDL cholesterol and plasma to oxidation by CuSO4 [78].Bioavailability studies indicate that green tea polyphenols can accumulate in the body at concentrations comparable to those applied in vitro by man researchers [79].Other report demonstrated that catechins have able to reduce cholesterol levels and cholesterol absorption.In dose-response experiment, the action of fed 1% EGCG in hypercholesterolemic rats showed a significant reduce of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol plasma levels when compared to the non-fed group after 4 weeks [80].The authors suggested that the EGCG green tea affects lipid metabolism by interfering with the cholesterol micellar solubilization in the digestive tract, and in turn decreases the absorption of cholesterol.
More recently the protective role of green tea catechins against obesity and associated disorders i.e hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia was studied in rats [81].The total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were considerably reduced by 14.42% in high cholesterol + high sucrose diet and 30.43% in high cholesterol diet, respectively.In contradiction to lipid profile, drinking trial with (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) reduced the trait compared to catechins based functional drink.In human trail, 15 human volunteers had subjected to the daily consumption of 1200 ml of green tea for 30 days.The results showed that the uptake of green tea promoted the decrease of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels after 15 days [82].
The effect of co-production of medicinal herbs with dairy products has attracted researchers to give a clue about the interaction effects on the functions of different active compounds and whether it would oppose their health roles.It is recently reported that the addition of green tea extract to dairy matrix (milk, yoghurt and light cheddar cheese) showed a significant improve in polyphenol release and higher antioxidant capacity in order of milk ≥ yoghurt > cheese. of the digest (P < 0.01), with milk and stability in the intestinal phase and increased the antioxidant activity by 29% (cheese) to 42% (milk) compared to the control.These results support our findings of protective effects of green tea yoghurt against hyperlipidemia effect of lead acetate.These data suggest that continuous consumption of fortified green tea dairy products helps to maintain the integrity and antioxidant activity of polyphenols during digestion [83].
The widespread combination of diuretic along with lipid and blood pressure lowering constituents make Moringa oleifera highly useful in corner heart disorders.The consumption of the crude moringa leaves extract (1 mg/g extract) with coadministrated with high-fat diet reduced cholesterol level by in serum (14.35%), liver (6.40%), and kidney (11.09%), compared to the high-fat fed group [84].It is suggested that a significant cholesterol reducing effect of moringa leaves extract might be attributed to the presence of a bioactive phytoconstituent, i.e. β-sitosterol [84].Saluja et al. [85] reported that both b-sitosterol isolated from the stem of a variety of Moringa oleifera Lam and b-sitosterol found a plant sterol had structure similar to that of cholesterol, except for the substitution of an ethyl group at C24 of its side chain.
Other plant parts of moringa have a potential hypocholesterolemia effect.Moringa fruit has been able to reduce the serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, and atherogenic index lipid in addition to lower the lipid profile of liver, heart and aorta with a high fecal cholesterol excretion in rabbits fed with high cholesterol diet [86].Rat received fatty diet with moringa leaves extract ranged from 100 -300mg/kg/day, the cholesterol values decreased significantly in range from 4-8% when compared with rats in normal and untreated groups, p ≤0.05 [87].The presented data are in agreement with the earlier report by Raida et al. [88].They found that the moringa leaf extract reduced serum cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL and LDL in rabbit fed with high fat diet.Similar results were reported [89] in hypercholesteremic albino wistar rats where methanolic morniga leaves extract were found to reduce all the lipid parameters (cholesterol, VLDL, LDL TG and atherogenic index) while the HDL increased as compared to the corresponding high-fat group (control).Moreover, in hyperlipidemia rats oral administration of moringa leaves extracts (100-200 mg/kg bwt) showed significant reduction levels (p< 0.001) of body weight, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein and similar increase in high density lipoprotein level.Atherogenic index was significantly reduced in the moringa treated groups at tested dose levels [90].In diabetes II and obese subjects (9 men and 6 women), it was observed that administration of moringa power with food the percentage decrease in serum LDL levels was 30.94 % (45.66-31.53mg per 100 ml of serum) [91].
It is conclude that the daily intake of green tea or moringa leave extracts succeeded to protect animals against lead intoxication.Moreover, addition of plant extracts with fermented yoghurt has improved significantly the anti-oxidative effects of the produced bio-yoghurts in compared to plain yoghurt.There are a very good possibility that medicinal herb yogurt would be a very effective part of daily diet to give a sustainable protection against oxidative stress.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Levels of ALT in control and different treated rat groups 1 1 Treatment groups, control: normal diet; Pb-Ac: lead acetate+ normal diet; Pb-Ac+GT: lead acetate +green tea extract + normal diet; Pb+M: lead acetate +moringa leave extract + normal diet; Pb-Ac + yoghurt: lead acetate +plain yoghurt + normal diet; Pb-Ac + GT yoghurt: lead acetate +green tea yoghurt + normal diet; Pb-Ac + M yoghurt: lead acetate + moringa yoghurt + normal diet.Data are mean values of n=6 with standard deviation bars.a-c Different letters indicate significant differences at p<0.05.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Levels of AST in control and different treated rat groups1

Figure 3 : 1 For
Figure 3: Levels of total cholesterol (TC) in control and different treated rat groups 1 1 For treatment abbreviations see Fig 1.Data are mean values of n=6 with standard deviation bars.a-c Different letters indicate significant differences at p<0.05.

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: Levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) in control and different treated rat groups 1 1 For treatment abbreviations see Fig 1.Data are mean values of n=6 with standard deviation bars.a-e Different letters indicate significant differences at p<0.05.

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: Levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) in control and different treated rat groups 1 1 For treatment abbreviations see Fig 1.Data are mean values of n=6 with standard deviation bars.a-c Different letters indicate significant differences at p<0.05.

Figure 6 : 1 1
Figure 6: Level of triglyceride in control and different treated rat groups 1 1 For treatment abbreviations see Fig 1.Data are mean values of n=6 with standard deviation bars.a-b Different letters indicate significant differences at p<0.05.

Table 1 :
Effect of oral administration of green or moringa leave extracts and their bio-yoghurts on the liver weight of albino rats fed Pb-Ac in drinking water for five weeks.