Different Recipes and Energy Density of Indonesia Fast Food on Percentage of Indonesian Daily Value

food, unhealthy dietary pattern, and sedentary activity were assumed as the main contributing factors for the increment of overweight and obesity in Indonesia.[6] Properties of food, such as large portion of high-energy-dense food has strong effect on excessive consumption, especially if it happened in long period. [7] The changes of food intake in middle-income country can be affected by availability of multinational fast food outlets.[8] Eating environment such as ready availability of palatable large portion of high-energy dense food can override the excess of energy intake over prolonged periods.[7,9] Previous study showed the correlation between energy density, low fiber, and high dietary fat pattern and increased fatness in childhood [10] and in adult.[9,11]


Energy Density of Indonesian Fast Food Based on Indonesian Traditional, Oriental and Western Recipes
Excess of body weight is a rapid-growing public health problem in the world.It is a chronic disease that promotes metabolic syndrome and one of the leading global risks for morbidity and mortality globally. [1,2]It is an important risk factor for several causes of death including cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer.Globally, overweight and obesity attributed to about 3% disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and 3 million deaths annually. [2,4]The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased globally in three last decades [4] , included in Indonesia.Prevalence of overweight (BMI > 25 kg/m 2 ) in Indonesia was increased from 13.9% -14.8% in 2007 to 19.7% -32.9% in 2013. [5]tatistical analyses: Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 17 th for window.Desciptive analyses were carried out to characterize energy and nutrient content among foods.Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was used to check the normality of data distribution.Normally distributed data was presented as mean ± SD, while not normally distributed data was presented as median and interquartile range.
One way Anova test and Post Hoc Tukey were used to examine differences in means among three food goups for normally distributed data.While the Kruskall Wallis (continued by Mann Whitney test) was used to examine differences in median among three food goups for non-normally distributed data.Spearman Rank test was used to examine the correlation between ED and other variables.

Results
This present study showed that energy, protein, fat, dietary fiber and cholesterol content per serving was similar among three fast food groups.

Different Recipes and Energy Density of Indonesia Fast Food on Percentage of Indonesian Daily Value
Copyright: © 2014 Handayani et al. and ORI food was significantly higher than those of WEST food.Carbohydrate of INA food was significantly higher than those of ORI food, but similar with those of WEST food Table 1.
ED of INA and ORI foods (1.47 ± 0.09 kcal / g vs 1.66 ± 0.34 kcal / g, respectively) was significantly lower than those in WEST food (2.46 ± 0.21 kcal / g, respectively) Figure 1.About 60% of INA and 45% ORI food was categorized as low ED.Only 14% of WEST food was categorized as low ED.More than half of WEST food was grouped high ED Figure 2.
ED of INA food was correlated with total weight, water, energy and fat content per portion.ED of ORI food was correlated with weight and water content per portion.ED of WEST food was correlated with energy content per portion.Overall, ED was correlated with total weight, water, energy, fat and cholesterol content per portion (r = -0.702,-0.816, 0.370, 0.521, 0.313, respectively; P < 0.05) Table 2.
This study found that majority of fast food contributed to 26-39% of energy DV, 33-54% of Protein DV, 7-17% of dietary fiber DV and 13-55% of maximum recommended for cholesterol DV, and there was no difference among three groups.Contribution of WEST food to % fat DV was significantly higher than that of INA food (59.7% vs 41.5%, P = 0.011), and it was similar with ORI food (48.2%).Contribution of INA food to % carbohydrate DV was significantly higher than those of ORI food (27.4% vs 14.3%, P=0.015), but it was similar with WEST food (19.6%) Figure III.

Discussion
Although total energy of one serving size of three food groups was similar, Indonesian traditional recipe-based fast food (INA) and Oriental recipe-based fast food (ORI) have lower Energy Density (ED) than those of Western recipe-based fast food (WEST).The majority of INA and ORI food were categorized as low or medium ED, while more than half of WEST food were categorized into high ED.
ED of food in this study was correlated with water content in food.INA and ORI food had lower ED than WEST food because they had high content of water.Majority INA and ORI food that had low ED also had also large portion brooth based soup.The example of INA food that had low ED and large portion of water content such as chicken soup (sop ayam, soto ayam), vegetable soup (sayur asam), rice porridge (bubur ayam) while the example of ORI food that had low ED and high water content were sapo tofu, cap jae (mixed sauteed vegetables).
These result were in line with previous study that showed that traditional Asian foods usually have low ED.There is low ED in Asian foods because they are processed by boiling or steaming than frying [18] Water has the greatest factor that influences ED   since it adds substantial weight without adding any energy. [19]igh content of water decreases ED, even high-fat foods, because water contributes to weight and volume of food but without providing additional energy. [11]On the other hand, the main source of food served in Asia food is rice or grain group.These groups were reported to tend the bulky of serving with low in energy density. [18,20]ere was a trend that low-energy-dense of WEST food in this study are included in foods with large portion of salad.Serving more vegetables in meal is an effective strategy to increase dietary fiber intake [21] and reduce energy intake. [22,19]ombination between high vegetables and low fat content of food is an effective strategy for managing body weight while controlling hunger. [23]is study found that ED was correlated with the fat content of foods.There was also a trend that all high ED food groups IS OF high fat content, low fiber and limit water content of food.Previous study found that the applying of fat increase total energy content per serving thus the ED was higher than other nutrients. [19]However, the correlation between ED and fiber content was not revealed in this study.It could result from dietary fiber content among three food groups that were similar and the fiber content of the foods were limited.

Spearman's rho Correlation Coefficient
This study found that Indonesian traditional foods had higher volume and lower ED than Western food.The previous study showed that people are likely to eat constant volume of food.Reduction of ED was associated with spontaneus decrease in daily energy intake. [13]In contrast, increase of ED will be associated with spontaneus increase in daily energy intake.Energy intake of Indonesian people with high volume of food with low ED consumption habit will spontaneusly increase if they shifts their food choice from traditional Indonesian low-energy dense food into western high-energy-dense food.
One portion of Indonesian fast food from three groups contributed to about one third of energy DV (DV=2000 kcal / day). [17]INA food, like others Asian foods, has rice as the most important staple food. [20]Part of Indonesian people had strong perception regarding their dietary behaviour that main meals must include rice as staple food, and this perception is difficult to be changed. [24]Main meals subtitution without rice -such as noodle, meatball soup, burger, and pizza-was not considered main meals but as snack by half of Indonesian.Consumption of fast food without rice that is perceived as snack will increase double energy intake because they will also consume another meals with rice to fullfill their 'perceived need' for main meal.Another hand, WEST food had significantly higher contribution to fat DV of Indonesian than INA food.Consumption of WEST food twice a day will contribute to more than 100% DV of Indonesian.
Previous study found that foods that contain fat were more palatable, and the most likely target of food craving are those food that contain fat beside sugar or both. [25]High-fat Western dietary pattern was associated with increased of cancer risk. [18]e portion of INA food was about 10% of dietary fiber Daily Value (DV), while one portion of WEST food contributed to 19% of dietary fiber DV.This finding was inline with previous Indonesia Ministry of Health survey that showed only about 6,4% of Indonesian people consumed adequate dietary fiber.Although Indonesia is rich of vegetables and fruits, unfortunately, preference of Indonesian people to consume a high dietary fiber such as mixed vegetables with peanut sauce (gado-gado, pecel, karedok), and mixed vegetables with rasped coconut seasoning (urap-urap) was low. [6]The consumption of dietary fiber among other Asian country was also relatively low in impoverished communities, and often high in those that are more prosperous [18] Consumption of dietary fiber needs promoting. [6]

Conclusion
Indonesian traditional and Oriental food had higher volume and lower-energy-density than those of Western food.One portion of Indonesia fast food from three groups contributed to about one third of % energy DV.The information related nutritional content of food is important for community.It can be used for considering food choices to meet its dietary recommendation for combating obesity.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Comparison of energy density among three fast food groups †,* † Bars represent median and interquartile range.* The different superscript (a,b) are mean significantly different (P < 0.05); P values were calculated using Mann-Whitney U Test.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Distribution of energy density category among three fast food groups.

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Contribution of 1 serving size of food to % Daily Value (DV) †, * † Bars represent median and interquartile range.*The different superscript (a,b) are mean significantly different (P < 0.05); P values were calculated using Mann-Whitney U Test.

Table 1 :
Total weight and water content of INA General Characteristics of Indonesian fast food.†

Table 2 :
Corelation between Energy Density and other variables.