A Functional Recovery after Resuscitative Thoracotomy for Traumatic Cardiac Tamponade in an 87 Year-Old

pressure of 109/61, heart rate of 73, and oxygen saturation of 93% on room air. His past medical history was significant for only hypertension. A chest x-ray and cat scan of the abdomen/pelvis demonstrated multiple left-sided rib fractures with resultant moderate pleural effusion and pneumothorax and no intraabdominal pathology. A left chest tube was placed, returning 700ml of blood. The patient became immediately hypotensive to a nadir blood pressure of 55/37. He was emergently intubated and had an internal jugular triple lumen placed. Repeat labs demonstrated a hematocrit drop from 31 to 21 mg/dl. He was started on a dopamine drip and given 2 units of uncrossmatched packed RBC. A Repeat cat scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis was performed that demonstrated a new moderate pericardial effusion. His condition temporarily stabilized with these measures and he was then urgently transferred to a nearby tertiary care center.


Introduction
Indications for emergent resuscitative thoracotomy have been intensely debated over the past 40 years.Conclusions drawn from composite retrospective reviews have determined that resuscitative thoracotomy for blunt chest trauma with recent loss of vital signs has overall very poor outcomes.Conversely, this procedure is recommended in patients presenting with penetrating chest injuries and recent loss of vital signs, with metaanalysis and large case series reporting 14.6-19.8%survival rates (1,2).Particularly in cases of singular penetrating cardiac injuries, there are reports of up to 45.5% survival in select patients (i.e.singular stab wounds with signs of life on presentation), versus 0% survival in patients with multiple penetrating injuries and no signs of life on presentation (3).Of interest, the average patient in these reviews is a young male in their mid-twenties, with no patients above 40 years old.
Thoracotomy in elective lung resections is itself a morbid procedure that carries a reported morbidity rate of 23-43.6% and a mortality rate of 1.2-11.3%.These are significantly higher morbidity and mortality rates than in similar procedures that are performed thoracoscopically, pointing out the morbidity of the thoracotomy approach itself.These rates trend up as age of the patient increases, with one study of thoracotomy in octogenarians reporting a complication rate of 63% (4-8).It follows that thoracotomies performed in the emergency department, often with haste and with poor sterile technique, carry even higher morbidity and mortality rates; notwithstanding the initial traumatic insult that led to the need for such an intervention.
We present the case of an 87 year-old man who underwent an emergent resuscitative thoracotomy for cardiac tamponade and survived.The tamponade was caused by a cardiac injury from chest tube placement for hemo-pneumothorax.

Case
An 87-year-old man with a was brought to the emergency room by a friend after a fall 1 week prior and a second fall 1 day prior, where his initial complaints were of pain in his left hip, neck, and abdomen as well as generally feeling unwell.At the time of triage his vital signs were all within normal limits; blood Citation: Model L, Bhattacharya B (2015) A Functional Recovery after Resuscitative Thoracotomy for Traumatic Cardiac Tamponade in an 87 Year-Old.SOJ Surgery 2(2): 1-2.

A Functional Recovery after Resuscitative Thoracotomy for Traumatic Cardiac Tamponade in an 87 Year-Old
Copyright: © 2015 Bhattacharya et al.
revealed a contusion and 1 cm laceration to the left ventricle that was not actively bleeding.This was repaired with a plegetted 4-0 prolene suture.All superficial chest wall muscular bleeding was controlled, the left chest cavity was thoroughly irrigated, and 3 chest tubes were placed and put to suction.The patient remained intubated and was subsequently transferred to the Surgical Intensive Care Unit.
Initially the patient required fluid and pressor support with norepinephrine which was weaned off over hospital days 2 through 4.He was continued on broad-spectrum prophylactic antibiotics (pipercillin-tazobactam) for 8 days given concern for poor sterility of his initial surgical procedure.He underwent daily spontaneous breathing trials and was extubated on hospital day 7. His chest tubes were removed on hospital day 8 and hospital day 13.Postoperatively he developed atrial fibrillation but this reversed to sinus rhythm with aggressive repletion.He was discharge to a short-term rehabilitation center on hospital day 15.

Discussion
Cardiac tamponade caused by chest-tube placement is a rarely reported complication (9,10).Chest-tube insertions are routinely performed in the emergency setting, with other complications of insertion that are often referenced including tube malposition or kinking, lung injury, nerve and vascular injuries, and residual pneumothorax.Rarer injuries include those to the heart, esophagus, pulmonary artery or thoracic duct (11).Cardiac tamponade may be managed by pericardiocentesis or open surgical drainage.Surgical options in the elective patient with slow-onset symptoms include subxyphoid and trans-thoracic pericardial windows (12).In the acute setting, resuscitative thoracotomy provides quick access to the pericardium and the ability to manually remove all clot.It also allows for access the entirety of the heart to potentially stop the source of bleeding.
Thoracotomy is a particularly morbid procedure in the elderly, and resuscitative thoracotomy is known to be an innately morbid procedure.Despite this, in the patient with acute tamponade with hemodynamic compromise it should be considered, regardless of age.This is especially true in patients with a singular 'stab' wound to the heart as it was in this case, and as it has been reported previously in a considerably younger patient population.