The evaluation of Edible Bird Nest (EBN) Extract Reduced Influenza A virus Induced Apoptosis on Cultured Cells in vitro study

Nur Ain Aminuddin1*, Amin Haghani2, Nikoo Safi2, Abdul Rahman Omar1,3 and Aini Ideris1,3 1Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA 3Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. SOJ Veterinary Sciences Open Access Case Report


Preparation of EBN Extracts
Raw EBN from the swiftlet of Aerodramus genus collected from bird's nest house in Teluk Intan, Perak, Malaysia.The cleaning process was carried out by first soaking after the unprocessed EBN in distilled water until softened.Debris and feathers were removed after which the EBN was subjected to drying process at 70 o C for 16 hrs and followed by grounding and sifting through a mesh (60µM in pore size).The grounded samples were kept in distilled water at 3 o C in about 16 hours and continued heated for 30-60 min at 60 o C. The extract was then filtered and freeze-dried after 48 hours freezing at -80 0 C, and stored for the following experiment.

Virus Propagation
Influenza A virus, strain A/Puerto Rico/1934 (H1N1)was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC,® VR-95 TM ) and propagated in MDCK cells, then the stock virus was titrated by TCID 50 .In obtained 100 TCID 50 , the resultant virus

Abstract
Edible bird nest (EBN) mainly comprises a secretion of the salivary gland of different Swiftlet species has been used as a symbol of wealth and power as well as an crucial ingredient in traditional Chinese Medicine.The MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis were carried out to evaluate the effect of EBN extract in treated Influenza A virus infected MDCK cells.MTT assay was performed to determine the cell viability and Ha assay was used to determine the virus titer after 24 hour of post treatment with EBN extract towards MDCK cells challenged with influenza A virus.The results showed that there was a significant increase in cell viability (p < 0.05) of EBN extract treatment compared to positive infected control.Annexin V-fitc double staining method was carried out to identify the mode of cell death in MDCK cells by calculating the means of each apoptosis stage.The results showed that there was a significant reduced early apoptotic injury in infected cells treated with EBN extract.In summary, the current finding suggests that EBN may be have the potentiality to be as an apoptotic inhibitor and ameliorate the infected cells caused by virus.

Introduction
Apoptosis is an important physiological necessary for development and maintenance of tissues homeostasis including tissue atrophy, the immune system development and biological tumor [1][2].It also plays an important function in the pathogenesis of many infectious diseases including those caused by viruses [3][4][5].Many virus infections result in apoptosis of host cells, and several viruses have evolved mechanisms to inhibit apoptosis.Influenza viruses induce apoptosis through mechanism then both cellular and viral factors depending on the cell type.However, the precise mechanism still remain unclear.

Edible bird nest (EBN) is natural food product made from
Aerodramus genus Swiftlet's saliva.Studies show its unique glycoprotein properties provide health benefits, cure many illnesses and rejuvenate cells.The nests contain almost all of the bessential ingredients for body maintenance.Amino

The evaluation of Edible Bird Nest (EBN) Extract Reduced Influenza A virus Induced Apoptosis on Cultured Cells in vitro study
Copyright: © 2016 Aminuddin, et al.
titer was further diluted with 100 µl taken from the amount of TCID 50, then it was to be used as a constant positive control in the following procedure.

Cell Viability Based On Combination Treatment
This procedure was performed by using Maximal Non-Cytotoxic Concentration of EBN and constant virus titer (100 TCID 50 ).Briefly,the virus was first inoculated into the MDCK cells and later followed by the EBN extract replacement for 1 hrs followed by change with media.All the samples were incubated at 37 o C in 5% CO 2 incubator.
After 24 hour of post-treatment incubation, the plates were exposed to the MTT assay.Treated cells were subjected to MTT reagent (Sigma Aldrich, USA) in which reacts to quantify the viable cells.Pure DMSO solution (Merck, Germany) was added to the cells after 2-3 hr exposure to the MTT reagent to solubilise the formazon precipitation.Absorbance of the solution was measured spectrophotomerically by using ELISA reader at 540nm wavelength (Bio Tek Instruments EL800,USA).

Apoptotic Cells Analysis
The protocol of Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit (BD Pharmingen, USA) by Rieger et al was performed in this procedure.Briefly, upon completion of treatments, cells were harvested and washed with binding buffer.Then, Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) were added and incubated in dark for 15 min.Subsequently, washing was performed twice with binding buffer which then incubated for 15 min at 37 o C. Finally, the samples were reads for analysis with Becton Dickson FACS Calibur Flow Cytometer (BD Biosciences, USA).

Statistical Analysis
Data was collected as triplicate for each experiments.The results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation.Statistical significance was assessed with Anova test and P value < 0.05 was considered significant.

Cytotoxic Profile Of Edible Bird Nest (EBN) Extract
Toxicity study was first performed with addition of EBN extract to MDCK cells to determine the concentration side effect as well as MNCCs of the extract on cultured cells.MNCC is maximal non-cytotoxic concentration of the EBN extract.
Based on the [Figure 1], cytotoxicity percentage in MDCK cells showed an increasing trend of optimal density (OD) of cell viabilities along the concentration.As determined from the bar graph, MNCCs was 12.5 mg/ml.The EBN extract in water soluble form is likely less cytotoxic, thus same as previous report that pointed out the water soluble subtances possess less cytotoxic effect compared to the crude EBN extract.This is due to compound solubility and stability are major factors that contribute to varied activities in different extract [8] such as the application of high temperature during the water extraction process caused affected the potency of proteins within the EBN, possibility through denaturation [9].

EBN extracts improves cell viability in H1N1 viruschalleged MDCK cells
The MTT was performed in order to quantify the cell viability based on the apoptotic reduction activity.Upon challeged with 100TCID 50/ul HINI virus for 24 hour post treatment with EBN extract, cell viability increased to about 20% of that of infected control [Figure 2].Meawhile, the EBN alone treatment generally did not affect the infected group.This could be due to the mitogenic property of EBN that promoted cell growth, as made evident a study by Zainal Abidin et el.Which shows that EBN promoted cell divison in rabbit corneal keratocytes [10].

EBN Extracts Reduce Early Apoptotic Event in H1N1 Virus Challeged MDCK Cells
Apoptotic cells resulted due to phosphatidylserine (PS) translocation towards the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane caused the apoptotic or death cells and membrane integrity become loss.Therefore, the annexin V-FITC double stainig was performed in this study to calculate the percentage of cell death in different stages of apoptosis.In this assay, cells residing at different level of apoptosis upon exposure to the virus infection (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1)) by differential staining of DNA and also PS, whereby cells are grouped and revealed in dot plot.Annexin V-FITC -/PI -(lower left quadrant) are classified as healthy cells, the cells that are considered early apoptotic showed Annexin V-FITC + /PI -(lower right quadrant), whereas late

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: The MNCC value for EBN concentration.Asterisk (*) show the first non-significant difference of the cytotoxicity with with (p < 0.05) cytotoxicity with (p < 0.05) following Tukey HSD post hoc analysis.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Effect of combination treatment on strain A/ Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1)-challenged MDCK cell viability.Cell viability was assessed with MTT assay and data shown are means±SD by Tukey HSD pairwase comparison between groups (p < 0.05).*abcde Values with different superscript differ significantly difference with infected group (PR8) (p < 0.05) indicated by caret (^).
, et al. apoptotic (upper right quadrant) represent as Annexin V-FITC + / PI + as well as necrotic (upper left quadrant).Based on the result, in general, EBN treatment MDCK cells [Figure 3B] alone did not stimulate apoptotic injury and also reduced the cell death population.Most of the infected MDCK cells-treated undergo significant in reduced apoptosis when compared to infected control [Figure 3A].Meanwhile at 24 hour of post treatment, there was prominent significant reduced early apoptosis in EBN extract [Figure 3C] whilst reduced late apoptosis but less effectively compared to Oseltamivir treatment [Figure 3D].Conclusion It has been successfully demonstrated that EBN extracts confer apoptotic protection in H1N1-challenged MDCK cells.Particularly, EBN demonstrated apoptotic protection potential by improving cell viability.Thus, it can be concluded that EBN extracts shown to inhibit apoptosis.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Effect of EBN Extracts on H1N1-induced apoptosis in MDCK Cells: Cells treated with EBN extracts for 24 hours were analyzed by Annexin V-propodium iodide double staining.Representative plots of propidium iodide versus Annexin V-FITC fluorescence signals are shown (A-D).* p < 0.05 versus H1N1 treated cells (control).