2Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
3Division of Cardiology, S. Giovanni di Dio-Ruggi d’Aragona Hospital, Salerno, Italy
4Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
5VCU Pauley Heart Center, Richmond, VA, USA
6Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Results: A total of 116 subjects were included: 61 (53%) with AF and 55 (47%) without AF. Patients with AF had worse baseline functional class and EuroSCORE II, and a higher prevalence of type II mitral regurgitation, but patients without AF had higher prevalence of dilated or ischemic cardiomyopathy and of severe mitral regurgitation (all p < 0.05). Procedural success was achieved in most patients (115 [99%]) with out any differences according to the history of AF, but multiple MitraClips were required more frequently in patients with AF (p = 0.031). Echocardiographic and clinical results at follow-up were also similarly favorable, with 4 (3%) in-hospital deaths and a total of 15 (13%) at follow-up. However, patients with AF had a higher incidence of the composite of death or rehospitalizations for heart failure (14 [34%] vs 5 [13%], p = 0.035). Differences were not especially pronounced when focusing on patients with longstanding/ permanent AF vs those with paroxysmal/persistent AF.
Conclusions: Despite largely similar baseline, echocardiographic and procedural features, patients with AF undergoing TMVR with MitraClip may face a higher risk of adverse events during follow-up. Careful follow-up and medical management are thus mandatory in such patients, irrespective of the subtype of AF.
Keywords: Atrial fibrillation; Heart failure; MitraClip; Mitral regurgitation; Mitral valve repair
The main and obvious limitation of MitraClip lies in its focus only on leaflets, and the lack of impact on annulus anatomy and function. Indeed, the mitral annulus is a dynamic structure which has a major pathophysiologic role in mitral regurgitation [6]. However, MitraClip remains clinically appealing given its limited invasiveness and relative user-friendliness.
This is particularly relevant in patients with atrial fibrillation in whom MitraClip is envisioned. Atrial fibrillation has indeed detrimental effects of the highly complex and dynamic changes in mitral annulus during the cardiac cycle, such that restoration of sinus rhythm is associated with improvements in mitral regurgitation degree in patients with paroxysmal or transiently persistent but eventually treatable atrial fibrillation [7-9]. On the other hand, patients with permanent (i.e. chronic) atrial fibrillation undergoing MitraClip implantation may be at higher risk of procedural failure, peri-procedural complications, or suboptimal results during follow-up. Recently, patients with atrial fibrillation enrolled in the pivotal EVEREST II trial were shown to have more diseased valves and multiple comorbidities, but the comparative safety and efficacy of MitraClip was not worse in them [10]. Yet, this study did not distinguish according to the subtype of atrial fibrillation and may have limited external validity.
We thus aimed to appraise the immediate and midterm impact of history of atrial fibrillation, distinguishing pragmatically according to subtypes, in patients undergoing TMVR with MitraClip.
MitraClip implantation was performed by experienced operators under general anesthesia and through fluoroscopic and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) guidance, as reported elsewhere [11]. MitraClip implantation was performed according to established protocols after having accessed the right femoral vein with a 24 French sheath and successful trans-septal puncture. All MitraClip implantations were attempted with the standard central clip concept (a single MitraClip is implanted and the results appraised with TEE, with additional MitraClip implantations performed only as bailout in case of suboptimal results). At the end of the procedure patients were weaned and subsequently extubated and then monitored for at least 24 hours. Subjects without an indication for oral anticoagulants (e.g. atrial fibrillation at significant risk for thromboembolism) continued aspirin plus clopidogrel for 1 month followed by aspirin alone for additional 2 months. Patients with an indication to oral anticoagulation were instead managed with oral anticoagulants alone, unless aspirin was indicated also for coronary artery disease.
Control Trans-Thoracic Echocardiography (TTE) was performed before discharge, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after the indeed procedure, with subsequent follow-up exams every 6-12 months. Clinical follow-up was performed at the same time intervals by office visit or phone contact, if TTE had been performed elsewhere.
Outcomes of interest were procedural success (successful clip implantation with residual mitral regurgitation grade ≤ 2+), total hospital stay, and in-hospital events (death, myocardial infarction, major bleeding or acute kidney injury). In addition, we appraised the occurrence during follow-up of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, mitral valve surgery, rehospitalizations after successful discharge, mitral regurgitation grade, and New York Heart Association class. For the purpose of this work focusing on atrial fibrillation, and in keeping with current guidelines, we distinguished atrial fibrillation in the following subtypes: paroxysmal (lasting up to 7 days), persistent (lasting more than 1 week but less than 1 year, or requiring termination by cardioversion), long-standing persistent (lasting for at least 1 year), and permanent (when the presence of the arrhythmia is accepted by the patient and physician).
Descriptive analyses were based on counts (%) for categorical variables and median (1st-3rd quartile) for continuous variables. Inferential analysis was based on bivariate analyses using Fisher exact tests for categorical variables and Kruskal-Wallis U test for continuous variables. Statistical significance was set at the 2-tailed 0.05 level. Computations were performed with Stata 13 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA).
Baseline features are reported in Table 1. Patients with atrial fibrillation were similar to those without atrial fibrillation for most characteristics, with the notable exception of dilated or ischemic cardiomyopathy, which were more common in subjects without atrial fibrillation (respectively 23 [41.8%] and 25 [45.5%] vs 27 [32.9%] and 21 [25.6%] in those with atrial fibrillation, p = 0.016), baseline prevalence of New York Heart Association class IV, which was more common in patients with atrial fibrillation (21 [34.4%] vs 7 [12.7%] in subjects without atrial fibrillation, p = 0.009) and EuroSCORE II, which was higher in patients with long-standing/permanent atrial fibrillation (11.5% [2.5%; 28.6%] vs 2.7% [1.7%; 8.1%] in those with paroxysmal/persistent atrial fibrillation vs 4.4% [2.1%; 14.7%] in those without atrial fibrillation, p = 0.015).
Baseline features are reported in Table 1. Patients with atrial fibrillation were similar to those without atrial fibrillation for most characteristics, with the notable exception of dilated or ischemic cardiomyopathy, which were more common in subjects without atrial fibrillation (respectively 23 [41.8%] and 25 [45.5%] vs 27 [32.9%] and 21 [25.6%] in those with atrial fibrillation, p = 0.016), baseline prevalence of New York Heart Association class IV, which was more common in patients with atrial fibrillation (21 [34.4%] vs 7 [12.7%] in subjects without atrial fibrillation, p = 0.009) and EuroSCORE II, which was higher in patients with long-standing/permanent atrial fibrillation (11.5% [2.5%; 28.6%] vs 2.7% [1.7%; 8.1%] in those with paroxysmal/persistent atrial fibrillation vs 4.4% [2.1%; 14.7%] in those without atrial fibrillation, p = 0.015).
Procedural success occurred overall in 115 (99.1%) subjects, without differences according to history of atrial fibrillation. However, patients with atrial fibrillation required more commonly the implantation of multiple MitraClips (24 [39.3%] vs 17 [30.9%] in those without atrial fibrillation, p = 0.031). Echocardiographic results at a median follow-up of 6 months were also similar irrespective of the presence or absence of atrial fibrillation (Table 3), with most (105 [90.5%]) patients showing a
|
No AF (N = 55) |
Any AF (N = 61) |
Paroxysmal/persistent AF (N = 18) |
Long-standing/Permanent AF (N = 43) |
P* |
P† |
Age (years) |
74.1 (67.5; 78.8) |
75.8 (71.5; 79.2) |
72.3 (70.0; 79.8) |
76.3 (73.5; 79.2) |
0.147 |
0.146 |
Body mass index |
25.9 (24.0; 27.9) |
25.0 (22.9; 27.3) |
26.7 (23.0; 28.8) |
24.9 (22.9; 27.2) |
0.331 |
0.202 |
Female sex |
30 (54.6%) |
29 (47.5%) |
6 (33.3%) |
23 (53.5%) |
0.464 |
0.262 |
Hypertension |
35 (63.6%) |
40 (65.6%) |
13 (72.2%) |
27 (62.8%) |
0.848 |
0.809 |
Diabetic status |
|
|
|
|
0.071 |
0.113 |
Non-diabetic |
34 (61.8%) |
47 (77.1%) |
14 (77.8%) |
33 (76.7%) |
|
|
Non-insulin-dependent diabetic |
19 (35.6%) |
10 (16.4%) |
4 (22.2%) |
6 (14.0%) |
|
|
Insulin-dependent diabetic |
2 (3.6%) |
4 (6.6%) |
0 |
4 (9.3%) |
|
|
Prior myocardial infarction |
31 (56.4%) |
23 (37.7%) |
7 (38.9%) |
16 (37.2%) |
0.062 |
0.124 |
Prior pace-maker, ICD or CRT implantation |
|
|
|
|
0.016 |
0.064 |
No |
40 (74.1%) |
35 (64.8%) |
13 (72.2%) |
22 (61.1%) |
|
|
Pace-maker |
1 (1.9%) |
10 (18.5%) |
2 (11.1%) |
8 (22.2%) |
|
|
ICD |
9 (16.7%) |
8 (14.8%) |
3 (16.7%) |
5 (13.9%) |
|
|
CRT (± ICD) |
4 (7.4%) |
1 (1.9%) |
0 |
1 (2.8%) |
|
|
Cardiomyopathy |
|
|
|
|
0.016 |
0.005 |
No |
7 (12.7%) |
34 (41.5%) |
10 (43.5%) |
24 (40.7%) |
|
|
Dilated |
23 (41.8%) |
27 (32.9%) |
8 (34.8%) |
19 (32.2%) |
|
|
Ischemic |
25 (45.5%) |
21 (25.6%) |
5 (21.7%) |
16 (27.1%) |
|
|
AF subtype |
|
|
|
|
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
None |
55 (100%) |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Paroxysmal |
0 |
11 (18.0%) |
11 (61.1%) |
0 |
|
|
Persistent |
0 |
7 (11.5%) |
7 (38.9%) |
0 |
|
|
Long-standing/permanent |
0 |
43 (70.5%) |
0 |
43 (100%) |
|
|
New York Heart Association class IV |
7 (12.7%) |
21 (34.4%) |
6 (33.3%) |
15 (34.9%) |
0.009 |
0.021 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
15 (27.3%) |
16 (26.2%) |
1 (5.6%) |
15 (34.9%) |
1.0 |
0.054 |
EuroSCORE II (%) |
4.4% (2.1%; 14.7%) |
7.6% (2.4%; 22.3%) |
2.7% (1.7%; 8.1%) |
11.5% (2.5%; 28.6%) |
0.397 |
0.015 |
Society of Thoracic Surgery score (%) |
5.0% (2.5%; 11.0%) |
6.7% (3.9%; 17.2%) |
5.4% (2.6%; 13.9%) |
9.6% (4.1%; 20.2%) |
0.077 |
0.061 |
Clinical outcomes were similarly favorable both in-hospital and at follow-up (Table 4) in light of the high risk features of the patients, with 4 (3.4%) in-hospital deaths and a cumulative case fatality of 15 (12.9%) cases. No safety issue appeared when comparing short- or mid-term outcomes according to history of atrial fibrillation, with the notable exclusion of the composite of death or rehospitalizations for heart failure, which more common in patients with atrial fibrillation (14 [34.2%] vs 5 [12.8%], p = 0.035) (Figure 1). All deaths were due to non-cardiac causes, in keeping with the high risk features of included subjects.
In most cases, differences in baseline, procedural, and follow-up characteristics were not especially pronounced when focusing on patients with longstanding/permanent atrial fibrillation vs those with paroxysmal/persistent atrial fibrillation (Tables 1,2,3, and 4).
|
No AF (N = 55) |
Any AF (N = 61) |
Paroxysmal/persistent AF (N = 18) |
Long-standing/permanent AF (N = 43) |
P* |
P† |
MR degree |
|
|
|
|
0.146 |
0.013 |
Moderate |
2 (3.6%) |
5 (8.2%) |
4 (22.2%) |
1 (2.3%) |
|
|
Moderate-severe |
11 (20.0%) |
20 (32.8%) |
3 (16.7%) |
17 (39.5%) |
|
|
Severe |
42 (76.4%) |
36 (59.0%) |
11 (61.1%) |
25 (58.1%) |
|
|
Type of MR (Carpentier classification) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
I |
27 (49.1%) |
29 (47.5%) |
10 (45.5%) |
19 (36.5%) |
1.0 |
0.396 |
II |
5 (9.1%) |
16 (26.2%) |
6 (33.3%) |
10 (23.3%) |
0.028 |
0.028 |
IIIa |
15 (27.3%) |
11 (18.0%) |
5 (27.8%) |
6 (14.0%) |
0.270 |
0.230 |
IIIb |
1 (1.8%) |
1 (1.6%) |
1 (5.6%) |
0 |
1.0 |
0.423 |
LV ejection fraction (%) |
35.0% (30.0%; 48.0%) |
35.0% (30.0%; 50.0%) |
38.5% (30.0%; 55.0%) |
35.0% (30.0%; 45.0%) |
0.998 |
0.697 |
LV end-diastolic volume index (mL/m2) |
96 (75; 122) |
84 (73; 109) |
81 (61; 104) |
84 (76; 109) |
0.131 |
0.189 |
LV end-systolic volume index (mL/m2) |
53 (42; 80) |
52 (38; 69) |
45 (27; 66) |
52 (40; 72) |
0.811 |
0.337 |
Vena contracta (mm) |
9 (7; 12) |
9 (7; 11) |
9 (7; 11) |
8 (7; 11) |
0.726 |
0.662 |
Effective regurgitant orifice area (mm2) |
11 (8; 12) |
10 (8; 13) |
12 (8; 14) |
10 (8; 12) |
0.943 |
0.798 |
Left atrial volume (mm3) |
107 (92; 138) |
109 (38; 162) |
98 (40; 130) |
121 (36; 169) |
0.730 |
0.530 |
TAPSE (mm) |
17 (14; 20) |
16 (13; 20) |
17 (13; 20) |
16 (13; 20) |
0.287 |
0.564 |
Systolic pulmonary artery pressure (mm Hg) |
50 (41; 58) |
45 (37; 55) |
45 (30; 55) |
48 (40; 55) |
0.321 |
0.455 |
Moderate-severe or severe TR |
12 (21.8%) |
10 (16.4%) |
3 (16.7%) |
7 (16.3%) |
0.486 |
0.811 |
Clips implanted |
|
|
|
|
0.334 |
0.031 |
None |
0 |
1 (1.6%) |
0 |
1 (2.3%) |
|
|
1 |
38 (69.1%) |
36 (59.0%) |
15 (83.3%) |
21 (48.8%) |
|
|
>1 |
17 (30.9%) |
24 (39.3%) |
3 (16.7%) |
21 (48.8%) |
|
|
Procedural success |
55 (100%) |
60 (98.4%) |
18 (100%) |
42 (97.7%) |
1.0 |
0.526 |
Procedural time (minutes) |
132 (90; 190) |
115 (70; 164) |
128 (78; 186) |
100 (65; 158) |
0.288 |
0.351 |
|
No AF (N = 55) |
Any AF (N = 61) |
Paroxysmal/persistent AF (N = 18) |
Long-standing/permanent AF (N = 43) |
P* |
P† |
MR degree |
|
|
|
|
0.654 |
0.832 |
Less than moderate |
45 (81.8%) |
47 (77.1%) |
14 (77.8%) |
33 (76.7%) |
|
|
Moderate |
8 (14.6%) |
12 (19.7%) |
3 (16.7%) |
9 (20.9%) |
|
|
Moderate to severe |
1 (1.8%) |
2 (3.3%) |
1 (5.6%) |
1 (2.3%) |
|
|
Severe |
1 (1.8%) |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Decrease in MR degree |
51 (92.7%) |
54 (88.5%) |
16 (88.9%) |
38 (88.4%) |
0.535 |
0.688 |
Increase in LV ejection fraction (%) |
0 (0; 5.0) |
0 (-3.0; 4.0) |
1.0 (-3.0; 3.0) |
0 (-2.0; 4.0) |
0.321 |
0.552 |
Decrease in LV end-diastolic volume (mL/m2) |
4 (0; 23) |
4 (-2; 22) |
16 (-2; 24) |
4 (0; 19) |
0.905 |
0.696 |
Decrease in LV end-systolic volume (mL/m2) |
2 (-3; 11) |
5.5 (-2; 15) |
2 (-3; 17) |
6 (-2; 12) |
0.543 |
0.830 |
Decrease in vena contracta (mm) |
5 (3; 8) |
5 (3; 7) |
3 (3; 5) |
5 (4; 7) |
0.600 |
0.753 |
Decrease in effective regurgitant orifice area (mm2) |
5 (3; 7) |
5 (4; 12) |
4 (4; 10) |
9 (4; 28) |
0.610 |
0.778 |
Increase in mean mitral valve gradient (mm Hg) |
2 (2; 3) |
2 (2; 3) |
3 (1; 3) |
2 (2; 3) |
0.906 |
0.882 |
Decrease in left atrial volume (mm3) |
-4 (-20; 5) |
0 (-1; 27) |
5 (0; 27) |
0 (-5; 29) |
0.061 |
0.156 |
Increase in TAPSE |
0 (-4; 1) |
0 (-2; 0) |
0 (-1; 0) |
0 (-3; 2) |
0.867 |
0.986 |
Decrease in systolic pulmonary artery pressure (mm Hg) |
11 (0; 25) |
5 (0; 15) |
8 (0; 14) |
5 (0; 15) |
0.091 |
0.219 |
Decrease in TR degree |
16 (29.1%) |
12 (19.7%) |
4 (22.2%) |
8 (18.6%) |
0.280 |
0.493 |
|
No AF (N = 55) |
Any AF (N = 61) |
Paroxysmal/persistent AF (N = 18) |
Long-standing/permanent AF (N = 43) |
P* |
P† |
In-hospital follow-up |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total hospital stay (days) |
5 (5; 7) |
6 (5; 9) |
6 (5; 8) |
7 (5; 10) |
0.074 |
0.199 |
Final disposition |
|
|
|
|
0.477 |
0.694 |
Discharge home |
53 (96.4%) |
58 (95.1%) |
17 (94.4%) |
41 (95.4%) |
|
|
Transfer to other facility |
1 (1.8%) |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Death |
1 (1.8%) |
3 (4.9%) |
1 (5.6%) |
2 (4.7%) |
|
|
Acute kidney injury |
2 (3.6%) |
2 (3.3%) |
2 (11.1%) |
0 |
1.0 |
0.111 |
Bleeding |
0 |
2 (3.3%) |
0 |
2 (4.7%) |
0.497 |
0.274 |
Cumulative follow-up* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Follow-up duration (months) |
6 (6; 11) |
7 (6; 12) |
12 (7; 14) |
6 (6; 12) |
0.578 |
0.744 |
Death |
4 (10.3%) |
11 (26.8%) |
3 (30.0%) |
8 (25.8%) |
0.085 |
0.130 |
Myocardial infarction |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
Stroke |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
Mitral valve replacement |
1 (2.6%) |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.487 |
1.0 |
Rehospitalization for heart failure |
1 (2.6%) |
3 (7.3%) |
0 |
3 (9.7%) |
0.616 |
0.343 |
Death or rehospitalization for heart failure |
5 (12.8%) |
14 (34.2%) |
3 (30.0%) |
11 (35.5%) |
0.035 |
0.069 |
Major adverse event† |
8 (20.5%) |
17 (41.5%) |
5 (50.0%) |
12 (38.7%) |
0.055 |
0.101 |
Improvement in NYHA class |
20 (51.3%) |
25 (61.0%) |
7 (70.0%) |
14 (45.2%) |
0.499 |
0.428 |
While surgical repair is the gold standard treatment in patients with significant mitral regurgitation, MitraClip implantation offers a minimally invasive alternative with acceptable efficacy in patients at high operative risk [1-2]. Indeed, the impact of atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing MitraClip implantation has been already appraised in the pivotal EVEREST II trial comparing cardiac surgery versus TMVR [4]. Specifically, Hermann et al found that atrial fibrillation was present in 45 (26%) subjects randomized to MitraClip and 27 (30%) patients randomized to surgery [10]. Atrial fibrillation was associated with older age, a
We hereby provide complementary evidence in support of TMVR with MitraClip in patients with or without atrial fibrillation, by showing that, when considering real-world subjects with atrial fibrillation, they were also more likely to report prior pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation, were less likely to have dilated or ischemic cardiomyopathy, had more severe functional limitation, had higher average operative risk, were less likely to have severe mitral regurgitation at baseline, had more commonly Carpentier type II (i.e. due to prolapse) mitral regurgitation, and required more often the implantation of more than one MitraClip. This latter difference may be due to many synergistic factors, such as the severity of the regurgitation, the size of the left atrium, the presence of prolapse as main cause of regurgitation, or the irregular beating making accurate grasping of the leaflets challenging. No other significant baseline or procedural differences were found. Notably, the fact that atrial fibrillation was associated with more severe functional compromise at baseline was not unexpected, as loss of atrial systole may clearly lead to less optimal left ventricular filling and ensuing ejection. Regarding the reasons for the evident decrease in functional class at follow-up with MitraClip among patients with atrial fibrillation, we have no firm data to explain this phenomenon. We may however speculate that, for the very same reason spelled out just above, improving mitral continence may lead to more evident functional and symptomatic benefits in patients with atrial fibrillation. Another explanation is that patients receiving MitraClip were then followed more intensively and managed more carefully, also with pharmacologic therapy.
The most evident similarity between our work and the EVEREST II substudy on atrial fibrillation, [10] include the fact that patients with atrial fibrillation in both reports had more frequently a history of prior arrhythmia device implantation. Conversely, some associations were reported only by Hermann et al, including older age, more common prevalence of prior myocardial infarction, worse systolic function, more common use of vasodilators, and more common prevalence of functional mitral regurgitation. Conversely, in our registry we found some unique associations between atrial fibrillation and non-dilated/ ischemic cardiomyopathy, more severe functional limitation, higher operative risk, less severe degree of regurgitation, more common prevalence of degenerative mitral regurgitation, and more common need for more than one MitraClip.
The fact that all clinical events were similar in patients with versus without atrial fibrillation with the exception of the composite of death or rehospitalizations for heart failure, which was more common in subjects with atrial fibrillation, should be viewed with caution given the potential for both type II and type I error. In addition, there is an apparent discrepancy between the significant difference in the risk of death or rehospitalizations, and the non-significant difference for major adverse events (which by definition did not include rehospitalizations). However, these findings are in keeping with established data suggesting that atrial fibrillation is an incrementally detrimental prognostic factor in patients with mitral regurgitation [13]. Accordingly, patients with atrial fibrillation should not be denied MitraClip implantation, as it appears associated with favorable early and mid-term results. Yet, clinicians should bear in mind that these patients may be at higher risk of adverse events during follow-up and thus merit intensive and careful post-procedure management. Another important therapeutic avenue is offered by atrial fibrillation ablation, which may prove synergic with MitraClip implantation in reducing the risk of repeat hospitalizations. Indeed, in patients without prohibitive surgical risk, cardiac surgery offers both mitral valve repair and ablation within a single procedure.
atrial fibrillation should not be denied MitraClip implantation, as it appears associated with favorable early and mid-term results. Yet, clinicians should bear in mind that these patients may be at higher risk of adverse events during follow-up and thus merit intensive and careful post-procedure management. Another important therapeutic avenue is offered by atrial fibrillation ablation, which may prove synergic with MitraClip implantation in reducing the risk of repeat hospitalizations. Indeed, in patients without prohibitive surgical risk, cardiac surgery offers both mitral valve repair and ablation within a single procedure.
Limitations of this work include the retrospective and observational design, the limited follow-up, and the participation of a limited number of institutions [14,15]. Indeed, in the more comprehensive ACCESS-EU study of MitraClip implantation, the prevalence of atrial fibrillation was even higher (68%) than hereby reported. In addition, diagnosis and case definition of atrial fibrillation was based on 12-lead EKG and clinical history, rather than on prolonged home or hospital EKG monitoring. Accordingly, information bias in defining the presence or absence of atrial fibrillation and the specific subtype of atrial fibrillation cannot be discarded altogether. In addition, few patients underwent cardiac resynchronization therapy, largely owing to the low prevalence of left bundle branch block. We did not serially appraise atrial volumes and function. Thus, future trials are needed to appraise the impact of MitraClip on such important players in the outlook of atrial fibrillation.
Limitations of this work include the retrospective and observational design, the limited follow-up, and the participation of a limited number of institutions [14,15]. Indeed, in the more comprehensive ACCESS-EU study of MitraClip implantation, the prevalence of atrial fibrillation was even higher (68%) than hereby reported. In addition, diagnosis and case definition of atrial fibrillation was based on 12-lead EKG and clinical history, rather than on prolonged home or hospital EKG monitoring. Accordingly, information bias in defining the presence or absence of atrial fibrillation and the specific subtype of atrial fibrillation cannot be discarded altogether. In addition, few patients underwent cardiac resynchronization therapy, largely owing to the low prevalence of left bundle branch block. We did not serially appraise atrial volumes and function. Thus, future trials are needed to appraise the impact of MitraClip on such important players in the outlook of atrial fibrillation.
In conclusion, MitraClip can be implanted for TMVR safely and effectively even in patients with atrial fibrillation. Despite similar baseline features, subjects with atrial fibrillation undergoing MitraClip implantation may be at increased risk of follow-up events. Careful follow-up and medical management are thus mandatory in such patients, irrespective of the subtype of atrial fibrillation.
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