2Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, Abu Arish (Gizan), Zazan University (K.S.A)
Materials And Methods: Cross sectional study was done on 250 patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus subjects attending medicine clinic , King george’s medical university (KGMU) lucknow, india. Subjects were screened for diabetic nephropathy depending on the base line parameter, clinical history of disease and documented in pretested proforma. Routine blood parameters, HbA1C and 24 hrs urine microalbumin level were carried out in department of pathology.
Result: The level of HbA1c was higher among the patients of nephropathy (8.54±0.97) compared with non-nephropathy (7.32±0.84, 95%CI=7.17-7.47). Increased HbA1c was found among both 5-10 and >10 years diabetic duration . However, HbA1c was similar among all duration of diabetes groups within non-nephropathy. The total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDL-c), LDL cholesterol (LDL-c) and VLDL cholesterol (VLDL-C) were almost similar in HbA1c range < 7, 7-8.9 and 9-10.9 and without insignificant differences (p>0.05). Although, Triglyceride (TG) level was significantly higher in HbA1c 9-10.9 (174.20±48.95mg%) than 7-8.9 (159.66±31.47mg%) and < 7 (158.82±29.67mg%) . High prevalence of nephropathy was found among HbA1c range 9-10.9 (Urine albumin :246.35±126.29mg/d) compared with 7-8.99 (Urine albumin :159.89±70.16mg/d) and < 7 (Urine albumin :132.80±90.33mg/d) respectively.
Conclusion : HbA1c cut-off >7 % should be considered as an index of glycemic control as well as important tool for over all metabolic derangement and target organ damage among diabetes population. Hence, establishment of HbA1c cut-off value with long duration of diabetes might be useful for prediction of treatment control and prevention of renal failure.
Keywords; Diabetic Nephropathy; Glycosylated Hemoglobin; Triglyceride; Renal failure
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is leading cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD) associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality.[3] Early identification and treatment of nephropathy complication can reduce the medical and economic burden of major damage.[4] Although microalbuminuria is a widely used indicator for diabetic nephropathy, its diagnostic accuracy is limited by the fact that structural damage might precede albumin excretion.[5]
Numerous guidelines have defined HbA1c as marker of mean blood glucose levels and as a priority therapeutically.[6] Chronic hyperglycemia is responsible for the development of complications in diabetes patients. Furthermore ,glucose variability could be a predictor of complications. Glucose variability could be defined in several ways: within-day variability, between-day variability and long-term variability expressed using changes in HbA1c. .[7] Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) evidenced that HbA1c variability, similar to mean A1c levels, could predict the development of nephropathy and retinopathy in T1DM patients . [8] Intra-person standard deviation in HbA1C was an independent risk factor for the development of microalbuminuria in T2DM Tsukuba Kawai Diabetes Registry .[9]
Although numerous prevalence and incidence risk factors studies have been carried out to ruled out correlation for diabetic nephropathy but limitation of prognostic as well as biomarker of glycemic control was not emphasized properly in previous studies. Aim of this study to determine association of HbA1c cut-off variation in nephropathy complication with relation to duration of diabetes and dyslipidemia.
Diabetic subjects with other concurrent acute illness including infectious disease, malignancy, active immunological diseases, medical history of clinical cardiovascular disease, tuberculosis, pregnancy, lactation, using corticosteroids or other medicines such as statins, or vitamins, or mineral supplements in the past 3 months, severe uncontrolled hypertension (> 140/90 mmHg) or renal insufficiency (serum creatinine > 1.5 mg/dl),who were receiving insulin preparations as a part of diabetes management, individuals with hematuria/pyuria/urinary tract infections/ ketonuria at the time of screening, who had performed strenuous physical exercise and smoking history were excluded from the study.
The risk of nephropathy among type-2 diabetes was being reported to be 15-20% .10(Vishwanathan et.al, 1998). Assuming 80% power and 5% significance level, the sample size was calculated by using the formula for risk factor objective, the calculated sample size was 246. Therefore , total of 250 patients were enrolled in the study for risk factor of nephropathy.
Routine Blood Parameter and HbA1c was estimated in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid anti coagulated whole blood by ion exchange chromatography. TC,TG, HDL-c were measured by enzymatic methods using Hitachi 917 auto analyzer with its original reagent. (Accurex Biochemical Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai, India).
24 hrs Urine albumin estimation was done after persistent proteinuria detection by dipstick methods a gap of one week and urine microscopic examination to rule out any infection, then 24-h quantitative determination of microalbumin in urine by turbid metric immunoassay based on antigen- antibody reaction in measurement by the end point method (Erba Diagnostics Mannheim GmbH, Mallaustrasse Mannheim / Germany).
Characteristics |
Non- nephropathy |
Nephropathy |
p-value |
Age in years |
54.86±8.48 |
57.37±6.21 |
0.06 |
Duration of diabetes (years) |
7.22±1.83 |
11.57±3.58 |
0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) |
24.76±2.22 |
27.14±2.06 |
0.0001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
129.12±4.58 |
133.52±6.81 |
0.0001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
77.24±7.36 |
81.09±4.74 |
0.0001 |
Fasting blood sugar |
123.54±51.78 |
153.37±34.24 |
0.0001 |
Post-prandial blood sugar |
171.06±37.70 |
208.09±51.38 |
0.0001 |
HbA1c |
7.17±0.84 |
8.37±0.97 |
|
Serum urea |
22.55±6.84 |
30.10±6.56 |
0.0001 |
Serum creatinine |
0.92±0.31 |
1.14±0.28 |
0.0001 |
Lipid profile |
HbA1c % |
Significance |
||
<7 |
7-8.9 |
9-10.9 |
||
Total cholesterol |
151±30.94 |
152.33±20.64 |
156.16±25.83 |
F=1.85, p=0.17 |
TG |
158.82±29.67 |
159.66±31.47 |
174.20±48.95 |
F=5.60,p=0.002* |
HDL-c |
26.40±4.92 |
25.78±7.27 |
24.57±4.69 |
F=0.35, p=0.71 |
LDL-c |
96.60±20.25 |
97.28±19.43 |
99.88±28.00 |
F=1.15, p=0.85 |
VLDL-c |
36.60±7.16 |
37.89±6.33 |
38.99±11.04 |
F=0.44, p=0.64 |
HbA1c % |
No. of patients |
No. with nephropathy |
% with nephropathy |
Urine microalbumin among nephropathy |
<7 |
42 |
5 |
11.9 |
132.80±90.331 |
7-8.9 |
158 |
83 |
52.5 |
159.89±70.161 |
9-10.9 |
50 |
42 |
84.0 |
246.35±126.291 |
In present study, comparison of lipid levels among nephropathy patients observed that TG significantly altered with increased level of glycosylation which is accordance in previous long term indian observation study.[24]
Dyslipidemia is one of the common conditions associated with a poor glycemic control in type -2 DM. The pathogenesis of dyslipidemia in type -2 DM is a decrease in activity of lipoprotein lipase due to insulin deficiency or resistance. Under the action of insulin, enzyme lipoprotein lipase metabolizes lipids in a healthy individual. In type 2 DM, the relative insulin deficiency and decreased adiponectin causes decrease lipoprotein lipase activity resulting in high LDL-c, TG and low HDL-c. Qualitative defects in LDL are also seen in type 2 diabetes including atherogenic, glycated or oxidized LDL further amplifying the risk of Atherogenesis.[25-26] Lebovitz et. Al mentioned the lipotoxic mechanism by triglyceride which interferes with gastric or neural pathway which regulates glycemic control.[27] In another study ,positive HbA1c correlation with triglycerides as prognostic indicator for the target organ damage.[28]
Increased urine microalbumin was found among HbA1c 9-10.9 and high prevalence of nephropathy observed between HbA1c 9-10.9 and 7-8.99 compared to HbA1c < 7.00. Similar results reported by Parving et al. [29] observed that HbA1c cut -off of 7.5%, microalbuminuria (39% ) and overt albuminuria in 9.8% of the patients while other remained normoalbuminuric. Cummings et.al.[30] suggested that Hba1c cut-off should be < 7% for renal protection. In light of our interpretation, HbA1c range 7.0-7.5% considered as good glycemic control to retard long term damage .
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