Research Article
Open Access
Prevalence of Thyroids Dysfunction among
Saudi Adult Males and Females from (June–
September 2016)
*Ahmed Ali Gaffer Ali1, Sana Abdalfttah Altahir2
1M.S.c Haematology and Blood bank Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Alzaeim Alazhari University.
2M.S.C Microbiology Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Alneelain University
2M.S.C Microbiology Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Alneelain University
*Corresponding author: Ahmed Ali Gaffer Ali, M.S.c Hematology and blood bank , Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences Alzaeim Alazhari University. Sudan. E-mail: @
Received: October 17, 2016; Accepted: October 20, 2016; Published: November 09, 2016
Citation: Gaffer Ali AA, Altahir SA (2016) Prevalence of Thyroids Dysfunction among Saudi Adult Males and Females from (June–
September 2016). J Endocrinol Diab. 3(4): 1-3. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15226/2374-6890/3/4/00159
Abstract
Background: Thyroid disorders are amongst the most prevalent
of medical conditions. Their manifestations vary considerably from
area to area and are determined principal by the availability of iodine
in the diet.
Aim: To determine the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction (hypo and hyperthyroidisms in Saudi adults males and females. Methods: Total 71 Saudi adults' males and females were Tested for Thyrotropin (TSH) level using direct antigen EIA by fully automated DS2 ELISA system.
Results: We found that prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in overall males and females is 43.6%, 40.8% hypothyrodisms and 2.8 hyperthyroidisms, the prevalence in females separately is 46.03% 29 /6 3 cases, 42.8 % of them hypothyroidisms and 3.17 hyperthyroidism case and in males is 25% 2/8 hypothyroidisms and no case of hyperthyroidisms observed .
Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunction is highly prevalent in albaha city in females more prevalent than males we recommend more researches in this area with high sample size especially in females.
Aim: To determine the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction (hypo and hyperthyroidisms in Saudi adults males and females. Methods: Total 71 Saudi adults' males and females were Tested for Thyrotropin (TSH) level using direct antigen EIA by fully automated DS2 ELISA system.
Results: We found that prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in overall males and females is 43.6%, 40.8% hypothyrodisms and 2.8 hyperthyroidisms, the prevalence in females separately is 46.03% 29 /6 3 cases, 42.8 % of them hypothyroidisms and 3.17 hyperthyroidism case and in males is 25% 2/8 hypothyroidisms and no case of hyperthyroidisms observed .
Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunction is highly prevalent in albaha city in females more prevalent than males we recommend more researches in this area with high sample size especially in females.
Introduction
The thyroid gland plays a vital role in body metabolism,through
the production of thyroid hormones, which are known to
have important actions in controlling many of the human
reproductive functions[1] . Thyroid disorders are amongst the
most prevalent of medical conditions. Their manifestations vary
considerably from area to area and are determined principal by
the availability of iodine in the diet. Epidemiological studies of
thyroid dysfunction have limitations, for example the definition
of overt hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism, the
selection criteria of the sample used, the influence of age, sex,
genetic and environmental factor and the different techniques
used for the measurement of thyroid hormones and the relative
paucity of incidence data[2].Almost one-third of the world's
population lives in areas of iodine deficiency[3]. In areas where the daily iodine intake is below 50μg, goitre is usually endemic,
and when the daily intake falls below 25μg, hypothyroidism is
seen. The prevalence of goitre in areas of severe iodine deficiency
can be as high as 80%. Populations at particular risk tend to
be remote and live in mountainous areas in South-East Asia,
Latin America and Central Africa[4] . Iodisation programmes
are of proven value in reducing goitre size and in preventing
goitre development and cretinism in children. Goitrogens in
the diet,such as thiocyanate in incompletely cooked Cassavaor
thioglucosides in Brassica vegetables, can explainsome of the
differences in prevalence of endemic goitre in areas with similar
degrees of iodine deficiency[4]. The prevalence of spontaneous
hypothyroidism is between 1% and 2%, and itis more common
in older women and ten times more common in women than in
men.2 In the Whickham survey, the prevalence of newly diagnosed
overt hypothyroidism was 3 per 1000 women.5 The prevalence
of previously diagnosed and treated hypothyroidism was 14 per
1000 women, increasing to 19 per 1000 women when possible
but unproven cases were included. The overall prevalence in
men was less than 1 case per1000. One third had been previously
treated by surgeryor radioiodine for thyrotoxicosis. Excluding iatrogenic causes, the prevalence of hypothyroidism was 10
per1000 women, increasing to 15 per 1000 when possible but
unproven cases were included. The mean age at diagnosis was
57 years. Other studies in Northern Europe, Japan and the USA
have found the prevalence to range between 0.6 and 12 per 1000
women and between 1.3 and 4.0 per 1000 in men investigated
.In the Colorado and NHANES III studies, the prevalence of
newly diagnosed hypothyroidism was 4 per 1000 and 3 per
1000respectively, [6, 7] prevalence of hyperthyroidism in women
is between 0.5 and 2%, and is ten times more common in women
than in men in iodine-replete communities. In the Whickham
survey, the prevalence of undiagnosed hyperthyroidism was 4.7
per 1000 women [5]. Awad Saad Al Shahrani, et.all discuss the
prevalence of the thyroid dysfunction in different Arab country
region with systemic review of previous research they found
that the prevalence of different types of thyroid disease varied between the reported studies in Arab world ranging from 6.18
to 47.34% prevalence of goiter reported by several studies
conducted in Arab world, such as Egypt, Algeria and Bahrain with
25.25, 86 and 1.7%,respectively[8 ]in Saudi Arabia most of study
of thyroid problems done by using thyroid biopsy [8] . Our study
area albahah city is a city in the south west of Saudi Arabia, It
is the capital of Al Bahah Region nestled between the resorts of
Mecca and Abha the climate in Al-Baha is mild with temperatures
ranging between 12 to 23 °C due to its location at 2,500 meters
(8,200 ft) above sea level[9],so high altitude and demand of
iron as seen in literature may affect the prevalence of thyroid
dysfunction.
Materials and methods
This was across sectional hospital based study designed to
investigate the thyroid dysfunction by estimation of Thyrotropin
level (TSH) among Saudi adult males and females to determine
the prevalence of hyper and hypothyroidisms in studies
population in order to compare the result to other population
world wide .all studies population above 18 years who attended
to ASHFA MEDICAL COMPELX located in AlBAHAH city during
the period June-September 2016 exclude pregnant women from
the study and other citizen not live in albahah city or staying
short period in albahah city total number of studies population
was 71 study participant 63 of them were females and 8 were
males. Five ml of venous blood sample were collected by
standard method of blood collection in serum gel tube from
each participant to evaluate the thyrotropin level , serum was
separated immediately by a fine centrifugation machine and sent
for thyroid function test. TSH were quantitatively determined
using direct antigen –EIA HUMAN lot 15007 and 16002
respectively ,curve automatically prepared by DS2 ELISA system
,result more than 4mlU/L consider as abnormal high result and
also result less than 0.3 mlU/L consider abnormal low results .
Result
During study period 71 study participant 63 are females
and 8 males fig[1] were included in our study , we found
that prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in overall males and
females is 43.6% show fig [2], 40.8%hypothyrodisms and 2.8
hyperthyroidisms, the prevalence in females separately is
46.03% 29 /6 3 cases fig [3], 42.8% of them hypothyroidisms
and 3.17 hyperthyroidism case and in males is 25% 2/8 fig [4]
Hypothyroidisms and no case of hyperthyroidisms observed.
Hypothyroidisms and no case of hyperthyroidisms observed.
Discussions
In this study aimed to detect prevalence of thyroid
dysfunction using a serum thyrotrobin level for indicators
of hypo and hyperthyroidisms respectively in adults males
and females in albahah city we found prevalence of thyroid
dysfunction is 43.6% this is high percent comparing to other
population but agreed with some extent with study done in Saudi
Arabia population which is 47.43%[10] all reported of thyroid
abnormality were hypothyroidisms with exception of three
cases of hyperthyroidisms ,predominant of hypothyroidisms
manifest females populations with 13.5:1 females to male ratio
Figure 1: Total number of studies population.
Figure 2: Prevalence Thyroid dysfunction in all studies population
Figure 3:prevealnce of throid dysfunction in female populations.
Figure 4:prevealence of thyroid dysfunction in males populations.
this result agreed with result in literature that females have high
risk of hypothyroidisms than males it is ten times in females
than males 5 .the prevalence of hyperthyroidisms is 2.8 % our
result agreed with another study which express the prevalence
of hyperthyroidism between 0.5 to 2%[5],our all result isn't
consider as truly prevalence of hpo and hyperthyroidisms
because low sample size and as research rules health center and
hospitals based study not give true prevalence of any diseases
because not all community or participant have equal choice to
participate in the study, but our study give background to high
prevalence of hypothyroidisms in albahah this may be due to
low iodine intake or high altitude and low iron due to demand of
hemoglobin as in literature.
Limitations
Limitation of this study is partly due to the small size sample
and being confined to only one health center which did not
underestimate over all prevalence in community , Also the study
is not consider as prevalence in all community of albahah .
Conclusions
Thyroid dysfunction is highly prevalent in albaha city
in females more prevalent than males we recommend more
researches in this area with high sample size especially in females.
Acknowledgements
The author's would like to thank ashfa medical complex
team for their support especially BABIKER ALSALEH MAHMOUD
computer department.
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