Letter to Editor
Open Access
Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of posttraumatic
lesions of the posterior segment
AS Sow1, H Kane1*, PA Ndoye Roth1, JM Ndiaye1,
AM Ka2, JP Diagne2, HM Diallo2, M Nguer1, S
Sow2, EA Ba1
1Department of Ophthalmology, Aristide Le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
2Department of Ophthalmology, Abass Ndao Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
2Department of Ophthalmology, Abass Ndao Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
*Corresponding author: Habsa Kane, Department of Ophthalmology, Aristide Le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal; E-mail:
@
Received: 01 August, 2016; Accepted: 31 August, 2016; Published: 09, September, 2016
Citation: Sow AS, Kane H, Ndoye Roth PA, Ndiaye JM, Ka AM, et al. (2016) Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of post-
traumatic lesions of the posterior segment. Int J Open Access Ophthal 1(2): 4. DOI: 10.15226/2474-9249/1/2/00103
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the epidemiological, clinical and
therapeutic aspects of post-traumatic lesions of the posterior segment.
Patients and methods: A retrospective study was conducted during the period from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2013.We identified the records of patients with post-traumatic lesions (nonsurgical) of the posterior segment.
Results: Injuries accounted for 7.05% of consultations including 9.3% interesting the posterior segment. The mean age was 23.14 years. The age group of 16- 45 years was the most affected with 56.14% of cases.
The sex ratio was 6.13. More than 25% of patients had consulted more than a year after the trauma. The decrease in visual acuity was the most frequent reason for consultation with 96.49% of cases. Circumstances of trauma were dominated by brawls. Metal objects and stone jets were the most common causal agents. Closed globe injuries represented 44 cases (77.19%). In these cases the lesions of the posterior segment were dominated by retinal detachment (36.37%) followed by fibrous vitreous organizations (29.55%). In open globe injuries, the lesions of the posterior segment were dominated by retinal detachment (61.54%), followed by vitreous hemorrhage (30.77%) We noted as complications and sequelae two cases of endophthalmitis, 13 adhesions iridocristalliniennes and 2 cases of ocular phtyse. Ten patients (17.54%) were hospitalized. Nineteen patients had medical and surgical treatment. Among them, eight patients had ocular suture, and nine patients, cataract surgery. Two patients had a vitrectomy, and one patient had a scleral buckling. The final visual acuity could be assessed only in 24 cases (42.10%). It was superior or equal to 5/10th in one case (4.2%), and less than 1/10th in 23 cases (95.8%).
Conclusion: Post-traumatic lesions of the posterior segment are varied and can cause significant anatomical and functional impact.
Their care remains difficult. Increased awareness of the population would reduce the incidence and improve the coverage.
Keywords: Post-traumatic lesions; Posterior segment
Patients and methods: A retrospective study was conducted during the period from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2013.We identified the records of patients with post-traumatic lesions (nonsurgical) of the posterior segment.
Results: Injuries accounted for 7.05% of consultations including 9.3% interesting the posterior segment. The mean age was 23.14 years. The age group of 16- 45 years was the most affected with 56.14% of cases.
The sex ratio was 6.13. More than 25% of patients had consulted more than a year after the trauma. The decrease in visual acuity was the most frequent reason for consultation with 96.49% of cases. Circumstances of trauma were dominated by brawls. Metal objects and stone jets were the most common causal agents. Closed globe injuries represented 44 cases (77.19%). In these cases the lesions of the posterior segment were dominated by retinal detachment (36.37%) followed by fibrous vitreous organizations (29.55%). In open globe injuries, the lesions of the posterior segment were dominated by retinal detachment (61.54%), followed by vitreous hemorrhage (30.77%) We noted as complications and sequelae two cases of endophthalmitis, 13 adhesions iridocristalliniennes and 2 cases of ocular phtyse. Ten patients (17.54%) were hospitalized. Nineteen patients had medical and surgical treatment. Among them, eight patients had ocular suture, and nine patients, cataract surgery. Two patients had a vitrectomy, and one patient had a scleral buckling. The final visual acuity could be assessed only in 24 cases (42.10%). It was superior or equal to 5/10th in one case (4.2%), and less than 1/10th in 23 cases (95.8%).
Conclusion: Post-traumatic lesions of the posterior segment are varied and can cause significant anatomical and functional impact.
Their care remains difficult. Increased awareness of the population would reduce the incidence and improve the coverage.
Keywords: Post-traumatic lesions; Posterior segment
Introduction
Eye injuries are a major public health problem. For one of
their sometimes serious complications, but also by their care
remains difficult despite advances in surgery.
The retrospective study conducted at the Hospital Aristide Le Dantec was to determine the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic post-traumatic lesions of the posterior segment of the globe.
The retrospective study conducted at the Hospital Aristide Le Dantec was to determine the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic post-traumatic lesions of the posterior segment of the globe.
Patients and Methods
During the period from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2013,
we identified the records of patients with post-traumatic lesions
(non-surgical) of the posterior segment.
On the following data sheet investigations were identified, marital status, consultation deadline, histories, clinical signs, results of Ultrasonography of the posterior segment, the received treatment and post-treatment changes.
On the following data sheet investigations were identified, marital status, consultation deadline, histories, clinical signs, results of Ultrasonography of the posterior segment, the received treatment and post-treatment changes.
Results
Frequency
During the study period, injuries accounted for 7.05% of
consultations including 9.3% interesting the posterior segment.
Demographic data
The mean age was 23.14 years with extremes of 4 and 75
years. The subjects from 0 to 15 years old represented 20 cases,
including 16 male (80% of cases). The age group of 16-45 years
was the most affected with 32 cases (56.14% of cases).
The sex ratio was 6.13. The distribution of patients according to age group and gender is presented in (Table 1).
The sex ratio was 6.13. The distribution of patients according to age group and gender is presented in (Table 1).
Table 1: Distribution according to the sex and the age bracket.
Age |
Sex |
||
Female |
Male |
Total |
|
0 – 15 years |
4 |
16 |
20 (35, 09%) |
16 – 45 years |
3 |
29 |
32 (56, 14%) |
46 – 75 years |
1 |
4 |
5 (8, 77%) |
Clinical data
Histories
Three patients (5.26% of the cases) reported histories
or a particular field, two cases of phacoexérèse, and a case of
glaucoma.
Consultation deadline
It ranged between 1 and 12 years.
More than 25% of patients had consulted more than a year after the trauma. The various consultation deadlines are reported in (Figure 1).
More than 25% of patients had consulted more than a year after the trauma. The various consultation deadlines are reported in (Figure 1).
The reasons for consultation
The decrease in visual acuity was the most frequent reason for
consultation with 55 cases (96.49% of cases). It was associated
with redness and pain in 37 cases (64.91% of cases).
Other reasons for consultation were in order of frequency, watery eyes (19.3%) photophobia (17.54%), and bleeding (5.26%).
Other reasons for consultation were in order of frequency, watery eyes (19.3%) photophobia (17.54%), and bleeding (5.26%).
Circumstances of trauma
These circumstances were identified in 49 patients (5.46%
of cases). They were dominated by brawls in men. Domestic
accidents were the first circumstance of occurrence in women,
while playful accidents were the first circumstance in children.
Different circumstances are shown in (Figure 2).
Nature of the traumatic object
The causal agent was not specified in almost 18% of cases. In
other cases, metal objects and stone jets were the most common
causal agents. The various traumatic agents are summarized in
(Figure 3).
Laterality
The disease was unilateral in 100% of cases. The right eye
was achieved in 30 cases (52.63% of cases).
The initial visual acuity
Visual Acuity (VA) was not specified in 5 cases. For others,
it was less than 1/10th in 48 patients (92,3% of cases),it was
between 1/10th and 5/10th in 2 patients (3,85% of cases) and
greater than 5/10th in 2 patients (3,85% of cases) .
Type of trauma
Closed globe injuries represented 44 cases (77.19%). In these
cases it was noted besides the lesions of the posterior segment,
an adnexal reached in 40 cases (90.9%) and the anterior segment
in 35 cases (79.55%).The lesions of the posterior segment were
dominated by retinal detachment (36.37%) followed by fibrous
vitreous organizations (29.55%).
Open globe injuries regrouped ten penetrating wounds, two intraocular foreign bodies and rupture of the globe. Adnexal and anterior segment injuries were reported in 100% of cases. The lesions of the posterior segment were dominated by retinal detachment (61.54%), followed by vitreous hemorrhage (30.77%). The various lesions of the posterior segment are reported in (Table 2).
Open globe injuries regrouped ten penetrating wounds, two intraocular foreign bodies and rupture of the globe. Adnexal and anterior segment injuries were reported in 100% of cases. The lesions of the posterior segment were dominated by retinal detachment (61.54%), followed by vitreous hemorrhage (30.77%). The various lesions of the posterior segment are reported in (Table 2).
Complications and sequelae
We noted two cases of endophthalmitis, 13 adhesions
iridocristalliniennes and 2 cases of ocular phtyse.
Therapeutic
Treatment
Ten patients (17.54%) were hospitalized. Forty-nine
patients had medical treatment. Nineteen patients had medical
Figure 1: Consultation deadline.
Figure 2: Circumstances of trauma.
Figure 3: Traumatic agents.
Table 2: Lesions of the posterior segment by type of trauma.
|
Closed globe injury Open globe injury
|
|
Retinal Detachment |
16 |
8 |
Fibrous vitreous organizations |
13 |
3 |
Vitreous hemorrhage |
10 |
5 |
Optical atrophy |
3 |
0 |
Retinal edema |
3 |
0 |
Macular hole |
2 |
0 |
Retinal Hemorrhage |
2 |
0 |
Posterior vitreous Detachment |
1 |
1 |
Choroidal rupture |
1 |
0 |
and surgical treatment. Among them, eight patients had ocular
suture, and nine patients, cataract surgery. Two patients had a
vitrectomy, and one patient had a scleral buckling.
Post treatment visual acuity
The final visual acuity could be assessed only in 24 cases
(42.10%). It was superior or equal to 5/10th in one case (4.2%),
and less than 1/10th in 23 cases (95.8%).
Discussion
Frequency
The frequency of injuries was 7.05%, which approximates to
Oyoua results in Côte d'Ivoire [1] which reported a rate of 7.7%.
Kante [2] found a rate was much lower (1.22%). The lesions
of the posterior segment represented 9.3% of all injuries. Our
figures are higher than those described in the literature [3, 4].
Demographic data
Male dominance was marked with a sex ratio of 6.13. This
dominance was even more pronounced for the age group of 0-15
years with 80% of male patients. Other series found this male
dominance [5, 6, 7]. This could be explained by the fact that men
were more often involved in traumatic to risk activities.
The mean age was 23.14 years. Khalki [5] reported a mean age of 24.36 years, while Seck [8] found a higher age 34.6 years. The most affected age group was that of 16-45 years, which approximates the results of Kaya [9] which noted a peak between 16 and 35 years. The age group of 0-15 years accounted for 35.09% of the cases in our series, which joins other data sets [5, 8].
The mean age was 23.14 years. Khalki [5] reported a mean age of 24.36 years, while Seck [8] found a higher age 34.6 years. The most affected age group was that of 16-45 years, which approximates the results of Kaya [9] which noted a peak between 16 and 35 years. The age group of 0-15 years accounted for 35.09% of the cases in our series, which joins other data sets [5, 8].
Clinical data
Consultation deadline
Only 8.77% of patients had consulted in 6h after injury.
Lam [6] found a rate close to 10%. About 20% of our patients
had consulted before the 24th hour. This figure remains low
compared to other African series [6, 10] which reported a rate
above 50%. Patients who had consulted more than a year after the trauma accounted for over 25% of cases, and 24 patients
(42.1% of cases) had retinal detachment. Trigui [11] noted that
the retinal detachment occurred in over 50% of cases, a year after
the trauma. Verin [12] reported that in developing countries, the
consultation deadline for ocular trauma was often delayed due to
the ignorance of populations to their severity and the necessity of
an urgent coverage.
Circumstances of occurrence
Brawls were the first circumstance of occurrence the
traumas of the posterior segment. They also occupied the first
place in other series [5, 11].Playful accidents were the second
circumstance all ages but figured first in children. Which joined
other data [6, 13], which recorded the playful accidents were the
main circumstances of trauma in children. Domestic accidents
were the third circumstance as well as for Lam [6]. In other series
they represented the first one [14] or the second circumstance
[5]. Public road accidents were placed fourth. They represented
the first circumstance for Tchabi in Benin [15], while for others
[5, 6], they were only the fifth occasion. Workplace accidents were
the fifth occasion with a frequency of 15%. They ranked fourth
but with a lower frequency for Lam [6] and Khalki [5]. Ngondi
[16] reported that the worker is not sufficiently accountable for
the risks of accidents. He noted the importance of preventive eye
exams and development of business advocacy strategies.
Stone jets and metal objects were the main traumatic agents with a rate close to 16%. Metal objects were the first one cause almost 20% of cases for Gbe [7]. Khalki [5] found the stone jets as first one cause with a rate close to 19%. Lam [6] found the punches as the first one cause with a frequency of 16%, which is almost double our results, where punches occupied only the fourth rank.
Thus the nature of the traumatic agents and frequency vary depending on the environment and socio-cultural habits.
Stone jets and metal objects were the main traumatic agents with a rate close to 16%. Metal objects were the first one cause almost 20% of cases for Gbe [7]. Khalki [5] found the stone jets as first one cause with a rate close to 19%. Lam [6] found the punches as the first one cause with a frequency of 16%, which is almost double our results, where punches occupied only the fourth rank.
Thus the nature of the traumatic agents and frequency vary depending on the environment and socio-cultural habits.
Laterality
The disease was unilateral in 100% of cases, joining Gaboune
results [17]. Other series [6, 8] reported bilateral involvement,
but with a lesser frequency.
Type of trauma
Closed globe injuries accounted for over 75% of our series,
joining the other data [6, 18] who reported that predominance.
The retinal detachment was the most common injury with 24 cases (42.1% of cases), joining Frau [19] who found a rate of 43%. This rate remains very variable depending on the series [5, 20]. In the open globe injury, retinal detachment were found in 8 cases (47.06% of cases), joining the Rouberol data [21].
The vitreous hemorrhage was found in 15 cases (26.32% of cases), which joined the Aberkane data. [20].
An optical atrophy was found at 3 patients (5.26%) who were victims of violent trauma (brawl, fall). Levin [22] reported that the violent trauma at the young men was the most common cause of traumatic optical neuropathy.
In 3 cases (5.26%) we found a retinal edema. Frau [19] noted a rate near twice higher.
Two patients had macular hole (3.51%). These data joining those of Aaberg [23]. We objectified 2 posterior vitreous detachments (3.51%). This rate was significantly lower than the Savi data [18], who reported rates of at least 5 times higher.
Choroidal rupture was found in 1 case (1.75%). These data are significantly lower than those of Khalki [5].
The retinal detachment was the most common injury with 24 cases (42.1% of cases), joining Frau [19] who found a rate of 43%. This rate remains very variable depending on the series [5, 20]. In the open globe injury, retinal detachment were found in 8 cases (47.06% of cases), joining the Rouberol data [21].
The vitreous hemorrhage was found in 15 cases (26.32% of cases), which joined the Aberkane data. [20].
An optical atrophy was found at 3 patients (5.26%) who were victims of violent trauma (brawl, fall). Levin [22] reported that the violent trauma at the young men was the most common cause of traumatic optical neuropathy.
In 3 cases (5.26%) we found a retinal edema. Frau [19] noted a rate near twice higher.
Two patients had macular hole (3.51%). These data joining those of Aaberg [23]. We objectified 2 posterior vitreous detachments (3.51%). This rate was significantly lower than the Savi data [18], who reported rates of at least 5 times higher.
Choroidal rupture was found in 1 case (1.75%). These data are significantly lower than those of Khalki [5].
Therapeutic
Forty-nine patients had medical treatment. Nineteen patients
had medical and surgical treatment. Among them, eight patients
had ocular suture, and nine patients, cataract surgery. Two
patients with vitreous organization had a vitrectomy, and a
patient with retinal detachment had scleral buckling.
Both patients presenting a macular hole had no surgical treatment. One of them had consulted less than a month after the injury, the monitoring was recommended owed made by the possibility of spontaneous closure [24]. For the other patient, the deadline consultation exceeding one year. This seniority was a factor of bad prognosis poor prognosis, with a surgical success rate lower than 50% [25].
The post treatment visual acuity could be assessed in 24 patients (42.10%). It was less than 1/10th in almost 96% of cases. This figure is very high compared to the data of the literature [5, 6, 11] where the rate does not exceed 60%. Our results can be explained by the already weak pre therapeutic visual acuity with over 90% of patients with lower acuity at 1/10th. Another explanation is that the lesions of the posterior segment were worse prognosis as confirmed by Kuhn [14]. But also bias the study related to incomplete records with a final visual acuity evaluated in less than 50% of patients.
Both patients presenting a macular hole had no surgical treatment. One of them had consulted less than a month after the injury, the monitoring was recommended owed made by the possibility of spontaneous closure [24]. For the other patient, the deadline consultation exceeding one year. This seniority was a factor of bad prognosis poor prognosis, with a surgical success rate lower than 50% [25].
The post treatment visual acuity could be assessed in 24 patients (42.10%). It was less than 1/10th in almost 96% of cases. This figure is very high compared to the data of the literature [5, 6, 11] where the rate does not exceed 60%. Our results can be explained by the already weak pre therapeutic visual acuity with over 90% of patients with lower acuity at 1/10th. Another explanation is that the lesions of the posterior segment were worse prognosis as confirmed by Kuhn [14]. But also bias the study related to incomplete records with a final visual acuity evaluated in less than 50% of patients.
Conclusion
Post-traumatic lesions of the posterior segment are varied and
can cause significant anatomical and functional impact. Increased
awareness of the population would reduce the incidence and
improve the coverage.
The author(s) declare(s) that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
The author(s) declare(s) that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
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