Research Article
Open Access
Effect of Natural Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infection
on Carcass Yield and Characteristics of Sudan Desert
Sheep
Nazik Z Eisa1*, Salih A Babiker2 and Hamid S Abdalla3
1Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
2Department of Meat Production, Faculty of Animal Production, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
3Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
*Corresponding author: Nazik Z Eisa, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan. E-mail:
@
Received: 13 April, 2017; Accepted: 16 May, 2017; Published: 29 May, 2017
Citation: Nazik Z Eisa, Salih A Babiker, Hamid S Abdalla (2017) Effect of Natural Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infection on Carcass Yield and Characteristics of Sudan Desert Sheep SOJ Vet Sci 3(3):1-7. DOI:
10.15226/2381-2907/3/3/00136
Abstract
This study was conducted to detect the effect of natural
gastrointestinal parasitic infection along with age and level of energy
on the carcass yield and characteristics of Sudan Desert sheep.
Forty-eight lambs were divided into eight groups of 6 animals each
and fattened for 60 days. A total of twenty four animals (3 from each
group) were selected for slaughter at the end of the fattening process.
The study revealed significant differences in slaughter weights (P <
0.05), carcass weights (P < 0.05) and carcass characteristics. Both
hot and cold empty body weights and dressing percentages were
significantly (P < 0.01) affected by internal parasitic infection and
dietary energy level. Wholesale cuts yields and loin composition were
not significantly affected by infection except for muscle percentage (P
< 0.05).
Keywords: Sheep; Carcass; Natural infection; Gastrointestinal
parasitic; Economics
Introduction
According to the Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Range
lands of the Sudan 2015 the livestock population of Sudan, amount
to 114 million head of which the sheep comprise about 40 million
head. Desert sheep comprise about 80% of the slaughtered
sheep in Sudan which greatly contributes in supplying both
local markets and exportation [1]. Gastrointestinal nematodes
represent a major production problem for ruminant which
might be due to a combination of several factors such as climate,
level of dietary energy, age, and sheep general health [2,3].
Helminthiasis cause loss of production through mortality, weight
loss and reduced meat production leading to serious industrial
and economic losses [4]. Sheep affected by worms show reduced
appetite for pasture and reduction in feed intake of up to 10 %
by infections caused by H. contortus and Brown Stomach worms
[5]. Helminth parasites limit sheep production, due to the direct
effects of their blood feeding behavior [6]. Change in body weight
is probably the most widely used criterion for judging the effect of gastrointestinal parasitism on the host. However, such changes
do not take account of alterations in body composition which may
be of considerable importance in determining carcass quality.
Obviously carcass and meat quality of lambs are greatly affected
by feeding systems mainly with regard to carcass conformation
and fatness degree as confirmed by [7]. Upon studying sheep
gastrointestinal parasitism, had demonstrated severe small
intestine lesions, such as villous atrophy and epithelial erosion,
which impaired the digestion and absorption of nutrients, causing
a significant loss in performance [8]. This might lead to partial or
complete condemnations of the carcasses at the slaughterhouses
[9]. In Sudan, a different kind of internal parasites has been
recovered from sheep according to Atta El Mannan [10]. Up till
now the study of the link between natural parasitic infection and
sheep productivity has never been covered. This study aimed to
evaluate the effect of natural gastrointestinal infection on carcass
yield and characteristics of Sudan Desert sheep.
Materials and Methods
Animals
Forty-eight naturally infected Sudan Desert sheep (Hamary type)
with an average initial live weight of 24.13kg ± kg1.22 were
used for this study. The study was conducted at the Department
of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production, University
of Khartoum, Khartoum North, Sudan. After being screened for
internal and external parasites, all animals were treated with
Cypermethrin (ectothrin) against external parasites while half of
them were treated for internal parasites as the control and the
rest were left as naturally infected (Table 1). Antibiotic injections
(Oxytosin-10 %) were given for protection against respiratory
diseases and coccidiobans against coccidiosis. Half of the control
group (12 out of 24) were less than one year old (milk teeth) and
the other half were two years old. Half of the group was supplied
with high energy diet while the rest were given low energy diet.
Same applied for the naturally infected group ending up with 8 groups (6 animals each) with equal average weight. Each two
animals were kept in a pen provided with water, feed and salt lick
cubes.
Table 1: Ingredient proportions of the experimental diets
Ingredients |
High energy diet (%) |
Low energy diet (%) |
Sorghum grains |
40.00 |
4.00 |
Wheat bran |
15.00 |
5.00 |
Groundnut cake |
11.00 |
6.00 |
Molasses |
14.00 |
30.00 |
Groundnut hulls |
17.80 |
51.40 |
Urea |
0.20 |
2.40 |
Limestone |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Common salt |
1.00 |
1.00 |
*Calculated ME (MJ/Kg) |
12.24 |
10.35 |
Calculated CP (%) |
16.11 |
16.11 |
*Calculated according to MAFF (1979) CP: Crude Protien
Experimental design
The design depends on three parameters which were health,
age and dietary energy level. At the end of the adaptation period
individual initial weight was taken after an overnight fasting
except for water. Animals were randomly divided into two groups
of twenty-four animals each. One group was treated for internal
parasites while the other group was left naturally infected. Each
group was further subdivided into four subgroups of six animals
each. Further subgroubing was done through keeping each two
animal in a pen provided with water and feed facilities. Each
group was divided in to two sub-groups according to age, old
(2 years) and young (one year), dietary energy (high and low),
and health (treated and naturally infected). The design ended up
with 8 groups which were, Old Treated High Energy (OTHE), Old
Infected High Energy (OIHE), Old Treated Low Energy (OTLE),
Old Infected Low Energy (OILE), Young Treated High Energy
(YTHE), Young Infected High Energy (YIHE), Young Treated Low
Energy (YTLE) and Young Infected Low Energy (YILE).
Determination of parasites
Upon arrival animals were screened for parasites. Manual
search for ticks was done and rectal fecal samples were taken
gently for internal parasites detection. This was done weekly
throughout the adaptation experimental periods
Determination of parasites
At the start of the experiment all experimental animals were
treated for external parasites by using Ectothrin dipping solution.
Internal parasites Anthelmintics were applied in the very
beginning to treat the group of animals need to be treated, then
for the rest of the experiment for the treated group as prevention.
Anthelmintics given were Albendazole drug for internal parasites
as a broad spectrum anthelmintic. Ivermectin is provided for both internal and external parasites. They were given in turns
twice a month as a protection. Coccidiobans were given for all
experimental animals for treatment and control of coccidian
infection throughout the experimental time. Oxytetracyclin and
Gentamycine were used against respiratory tract infections.
Feed and Feeding
Two iso-nitrogenous diets of high and low energy were
formulated. The ingredients of the experimental diets are given in
(Table 1). Ingredients proportions of the experimental diets were
calculated according to [11].
Feed was offered ad lib in the early morning (8.00 am). Feed
refusals were collected and weighed every day in the morning
before feeding throughout the data collection period. Samples
of feed offered and refused were taken weekly for analyzing DM,
then pooled to monthly samples for further analysis. Feed intake
of each group was recorded daily and calculated as the difference
between the weight of the quantity offered and refusal on the
next morning. The average dry matter of the experimental diet
and the refusal were obtained to calculate dry matter intake.
Slaughter procedure and samples preparation
At the end of the experiment a total of twenty four animals
(three from each treatment) were randomly selected for
slaughter. They represented all different sub groups. Slaughter
weight for each animal was taken just before slaughtering after
an overnight fast except for water. The slaughtering process was
performed according to the international Muslim practice, where
the jugular vein and carotid artery were severed as well as the
oesophagus and trachea, using a sharp knife without stunning.
Carcass data
The hot carcass weight was obtained after removal of
external and internal non carcass components. After chilling of
the whole carcass at 4°C for 24 hours, the cold carcass weight
was taken. The carcass was then split along the vertebral column
into approximately two equal halves. The left side of the carcass
was prepared for cutting. First the pelvic fat, the kidney and the
kidney fat were removed and weighed separately. The dressing
out percentage was calculated on the basis of hot and cold carcass
weights. Samples from longissimus dorsi muscle were taken for
chemical analysis and meat quality parameters determination.
Carcass wholesale cuts yield
The left side of each carcass was separated into whole sale
cuts according to [12]. The cuts were: Neck, Single short quarter,
Leg and Chump, Loin, Best End of Neck, Brest and Tail. Each
wholesale cut was weighed and expressed as percentage of
carcass side weight.
Dissection of loin cut
Loin cut was placed on a moist towel to prevent evaporation.
Forceps and plates were used to remove subcutaneous layer
as well as other tissues such as blood vessels, lymph ducts and
nerves. Muscles were then separated from bones. Intermuscular
fat and connective tissues were also dissected out. The separated tissues including muscles, bones, fat and trimmings (connective
tissues, fascia, blood vessels, lymph ducts and nerves) were
placed on trays covered with wet towels to avoid desiccation.
All removed parts were weighed using (OHAUS) balance of 20
kg maximum capacity load to the nearest (gm) and expressed as
percentage of joint weight.
Economic calculation of carcasses of experimental
lambs
Calculation of prices on base of cold carcass weight was done
regardless of purchase prices.
Results
Prevalence of parasites in experimental lambs
Table 2 shows the prevalence of both internal and external
parasites in the experimental lambs. All animals were found to
be infected with either Internal Parasites (IP), External Parasites
(EP) or both of them. Those infected with internal parasites were
(96 %) while those infected with external parasites were (52 %).
Table 3 shows the first week screening for internal parasites.
All lambs were found to be infected with internal and or external
parasites. Ninety six percentages of lambs were found to be
infected with internal parasites only (Trichostrongyles, Monieza
and coccidia). Of the internal parasites Trichostrongyles was the
most dominant parasite (80 %), followed by Monieza (40 %),
Coccidia (26 %), mixedinfection comprised of Trichostrongyles
and Monieza (33 %), Trichostrongyles and coccidia (31 %),
Monieza and coccidia (17 %) and Trichostrongyles, Monieza and
coccidia is (15 %).
Table 2: Natural infection of experimental animals (internal and
external parasites)
Trait |
Infected
(IP&EP) |
Infected
(IP) |
Ticks
)EP ( |
No. of lambs(48) |
48 |
46 |
25 |
No. of inf. lambs |
%of inf. lambs |
100 |
96 |
52 |
In this table and the following ones:
IP: Internal Parasites; EP: External Parasites
Table 3: Prevalence of fecal ova at first week screening for internal
parasites
Trait |
No. of IL |
% of IL |
Number of animals =48 |
|
|
IP: Internal parasites |
46 |
96 |
Trichostrongylus |
38 |
82.60 |
Monezia |
19 |
41.30 |
Coccidia |
21 |
45.65 |
Trichostrongylus+ Monezia |
16 |
34.65 |
Trichostrongylus+ Coccidia |
15 |
32.61 |
Monezia + Coccidia |
8 |
17.39 |
Trichostrongylus+ Monezia + Coccidia |
7 |
15.22 |
IL: Infected Lambs
Table 4: Effects of internal parasites in relation to age and energy level on carcass characteristics and sales
|
Old |
Young |
|
|
|
High energy |
Low energy |
High energy |
Low energy |
|
|
Trait |
Treated |
Infected |
Treated |
Infected |
Treated |
Infected |
Treated |
Infected |
SE |
P-Level |
Slaughter W.(kg) |
39.67a |
36.33ab |
31.33abc |
27.50bc |
32.50abc |
32.33abc |
26.83c |
23.50c |
2.75 |
0.05 |
Empty B. W.(kg) |
34.78a |
31.70ab |
24.12bc |
22.85c |
28.55abc |
27.72abc |
21.86c |
20.76c |
2.50 |
0.01 |
Hot Carcass weight(kg) |
19.78a |
17.83ab |
13.00cd |
11.50cd |
15.50bc |
15.17bc |
11.42cd |
8.83d |
1.33 |
0.01 |
Cold Carcass weight (kg) |
19.47a |
17.75ab |
12.77cd |
11.17cd |
15.17bc |
14.73bc |
11.08cd |
8.53d |
1.37 |
0.01 |
Sale of cold carcass US $* |
58.41a |
53.25ab |
38.31cd |
33.51cd |
45.51bc |
44.19bc |
33.24cd |
25.59d |
4.1 |
0.01 |
Shrinkage % |
1.42 |
4.66 |
1.77 |
2.87 |
2.13 |
2.83 |
2.19 |
3.74 |
1.45 |
NS |
Dressing
% |
H/S
H/EB
C/S |
51.59a |
50.83ab |
42.88c |
43.34c |
49.12abc |
49.15abc |
44.48c |
44.90abc |
1.88 |
0.05 |
56.85a |
56.12a |
54.04a |
50.10ab |
53.93a |
54.72a |
52.33a |
44.13b |
2.30 |
0.05 |
51.59a |
50.83ab |
42.88c |
43.34c |
49.12abc |
49.15abc |
44.48c |
44.90bc |
1.88 |
0.05 |
Carcass Characteristics
Table 4 gives data related to carcass characteristics of desert
sheep fed high or low energy diet and treated for internal
parasites or left naturally infected. The best slaughter weight was
that of old lambs treated for internal parasites and given high
energy diet (39.67 kg). It was 16.17 kg higher than that of young
infected group given low energy diet and 12.17 kg more than
that of old lambs left naturally infected and given low energy, too.
Slaughter weights of all treated groups whether given high or low
energy diets were heavier than their counterpart infected groups.
Slaughter weights of all young lamb groups were less than those
of old lamb groups e.g. that of young lambs treated for internal
parasites and given high energy diet was 32.50 kg which was
about 7 kg less than old lambs given the same energy diet and
treated for internal parasites. The least carcass weight was that of
infected young lambs given low energy diet. Empty body weight
followed the same pattern as slaughter weight. The highest
empty body weight was achieved by the group of old lambs that
was treated for internal parasites and fed high energy diet (34.78
kg) which was 14.02 kg more than the least empty body weight
which was performed by the group of infected young lambs given low energy diet. Hot carcass weight of old lambs treated
for internal parasites and given high energy diet was 19.78 kg
which was only 1.95 kg higher than that of old lambs left naturally
infected, but it was 10.95 kg higher than the hot carcass weight
of young infected lambs given low energy diet which was 124 %
more. Cold carcass weights followed the same pattern. Although
carcass shrinkage values were not significantly different between
the studied groups but they were always higher in each infected
group compared to its counterpart. Dressing percentages of both
hot and cold carcasses on slaughter weight base of old lambs
treated for internal parasites and given high energy diet were the
highest of all other groups under study. Most of treated groups
had slightly higher dressing percentages than infected groups.
Dressing percentage of hot carcass on empty body weight base,
of old lambs treated for internal parasites and given high energy
diet was 56.85 kg which was 12.72kg higher than that of young
lamb group left naturally infected and given low energy diet.
Table 5 and 6 show the interactions for dressing percentage
in which the two factors dietary energy level × health status
significantly affected dressing percentage when calculated on
cold body weight base while age had no significant effect.
Table 5: Effect of age, health status and dietary level and their interactions on Dress %
Trait |
Age |
Health status |
Dietary energy |
Age×Health |
Age×Energy |
Health×Energy |
Age×Health
×Energy |
Overall |
LS |
** |
* |
** |
NS |
NS |
* |
NS |
51.57
±0.72 |
Dress. % |
Old |
Young |
Treated |
Infected |
High |
Low |
- |
- |
- |
- |
53.35 |
49.79 |
53.11 |
50.03 |
54.42 |
48.72 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
LS: Level of significance *: ( P ≤ 0.05 ) **: ( P ≤ 0.01 ) NS: Non significant Dress.%: Dressing percentage C/E: Cold carcass weight based on empty body weight.
Table 6: Interactions of dietary level and health status on dressing
percentage
Health status |
Energy |
LS |
Dressing % C/E |
Treated |
High |
* |
54.37 |
|
Low |
51.84 |
Infected |
High |
* |
54.47 |
|
Low |
45.60 |
C/E: Cold carcass on bases of empty body weight (E). LS: Level of
Significance
Carcass yield and characteristics
Wholesale cuts yield
Table 7 showed no significant difference in data related to
wholesale cuts yield for all lamb groups of different ages, dietary
energy levels and treated for internal parasites or left naturally
infected. Values were taken as percentages of carcass weight.
Neck cuts of infected lamb groups were slightly higher than treated
groups. Average Single short forequarter percent of old treated group which was given high energy diet was 34.30 % while the
least one performed by the group of young lambs given low energy
diet and left naturally infected which was 29.76 %. Leg and
chump was higher but not significantly so, for the treated group
except for young lambs treated for internal parasites and given
high energy diet (33.38 %) which performed lesser value than
their counterpart infected group (35.05 %). Loin cut of the old
lamb group which was given high energy diet and treated for internal
parasites was only 8.62 %. Best end of neck and breast and
Tail cuts showed no marked differences between treatments
Loin composition
As given in Table 8 no significant differences were found in
data related to Loin composition (muscle, bone, fat, trim and
fat plus trim) in terms of weight or percentage of the cut for all
treatments. Only muscle percentage data showed significant differences
between treatments. Old lambs given high energy diet
and treated for internal parasites had the best muscle percentage
51.22 % which was 5.35 % more than their counterpart infected
group and 9.66 % more than old treated lambs given low energy
diet. The best muscle bone ratio was that of young treated lambs
Table 7: Effect of age, dietary energy level and internal parasites infection on Wholesale cuts yield of Sudan desert sheep
|
Old |
Young |
|
|
High energy |
Low energy |
High energy |
Low energy |
|
Trait %* |
Treated |
Infected |
Treated |
Infected |
Treated |
Infected |
Treated |
Infected |
SE |
P- value |
Neck |
8.62 |
8.56 |
9.09 |
9.45 |
8.89 |
8.89 |
8.55 |
8.48 |
1.92 |
NS |
Single Short fore Quarter |
34.30 |
31.23 |
30.63 |
32.76 |
30.46 |
31.52 |
31.56 |
29. 76 |
5.58 |
NS |
Leg &Chump |
36.23 |
33.01 |
33.72 |
33.36 |
33.38 |
35.05 |
32.95 |
30 . 77 |
6.52 |
NS |
Loin |
8.62 |
8.69 |
11.12 |
11.27 |
11.22 |
12.82 |
10.64 |
8.97 |
2.58 |
NS |
Best End of Neck |
5.99 |
5.30 |
6.88 |
6.62 |
6.77 |
6.98 |
5.81 |
6 . 8 3 |
1.23 |
NS |
Breast |
3.52 |
3.31 |
4.92 |
5.30 |
5.59 |
5.86 |
3.98 |
3.60 |
1.15 |
NS |
Tail |
5.27 |
5.18 |
2.70 |
2.63 |
4.20 |
3.75 |
2.55 |
2.43 |
1.51 |
NS |
*Percentages of carcass weights
Table 8: Effect of age, dietary energy level and internal parasites on loin composition of desert lambs
|
Old |
Young |
|
|
High energy |
Low energy |
High energy |
Low energy |
|
Parameter |
Treated |
Infected |
Treated |
Infected |
Treated |
Infected |
Treated |
Infected |
SE |
P- Level |
Loin (kg) |
0.82 |
0.72 |
0.77 |
0.68 |
0.84 |
0.71 |
0.74 |
0.71 |
0.15 |
NS |
|
Muscle |
0.42 |
0.33 |
0.32 |
0.32 |
0.41 |
0.31 |
0.36 |
0.30 |
0.07 |
NS |
Bone |
0.14 |
0.13 |
0.14 |
0.11 |
0.12 |
0.12 |
0.15 |
0.13 |
0.02 |
NS |
Fat |
0.21 |
0.18 |
0.13 |
0.07 |
0.20 |
0.19 |
0.10 |
0.10 |
0.08 |
NS |
Trim |
0.10 |
0.08 |
0.18 |
0.18 |
0.11 |
0.09 |
0.13 |
0.18 |
0.07 |
NS |
Fat + Trim |
0.31 |
0.26 |
0.31 |
0.25 |
0.31 |
0.28 |
0.29 |
0.28 |
0.13 |
NS |
Muscle % |
51.22a |
45.83ab |
47.06ab |
41.56b |
48.81a |
43.66ab |
48.65a |
42.25ab |
3.70 |
0.05 |
Bone % |
17.07 |
18 . 06 |
18.18 |
16.18 |
14.29 |
16.90 |
20.27 |
18.31 |
3.57 |
NS |
Fat % |
25.61 |
25.00 |
16.88 |
10.29 |
23.81 |
26.76 |
13.15 |
14.08 |
10.72 |
NS |
Trim % |
12.20 |
11.11 |
23.38 |
26.47 |
14.10 |
12.68 |
17.57 |
25.35 |
4.82 |
NS |
Fat+ Trim % |
37.81 |
36.11 |
40.26 |
36.76 |
36.90 |
39.44 |
39.19 |
39.44 |
12.69 |
NS |
Muscle: Bone |
3 |
2.54 |
2.29 |
2.91 |
3.42 |
2.58 |
2.40 |
2.31 |
0.54 |
NS |
Muscle: Fat |
2 |
1.83 |
2.46 |
4.57 |
2.05 |
1.63 |
3.60 |
3.00 |
3.67 |
NS |
Muscle: (Fat+Trim) |
1.35 |
1.30 |
1.03 |
1.25 |
1.32 |
1.11 |
1.24 |
1.07 |
0.51 |
NS |
group which was given high energy diet (3.42) followed by that of
old group treated for internal parasites and on the same energy
diet (3), while the worst one was 2.31 achieved by the group of
young infected lambs given low energy diet.
Economic calculation of carcasses of experimental
lambs
Table 4 showed that the sales of the cold carcasses of treated
old group that was given high energy diet had the best sales
while young infected group that was given low energy diet had
the worst sales.
Discussion
The present study revealed that all lambs were found to be
infected with internal and or external parasites. This agreed with
(14) who stated that there was not a single sheep in Sudan not
infected with parasites.
Carcass characteristics
In the present study, slaughter weight and empty body weight
of old or young Sudan desert lambs fed high or low energy diets
were greater in those treated for internal parasites than in those
left naturally infected. This agreed with Walkden-Brown SW, et
al. who had reported similar studies in which there was an increase
in slaughter weight, and empty body weight following
Anthelmintic treatment in ruminants [15] (Table 4). This was in
line with Cardia DF who stated that, sheep gastrointestinal tract
infection caused severe reduction in daily weight [8]. According
to this study, level of energy of the diet accompanied with health
affected hot and cold carcass weights. Both hot and cold carcass
weights of old and young lambs treated for internal parasites and
given high energy diets were heavier than those left naturally
infected. On the other hand, old and young lambs left naturally
infected and given low energy diets had lighter carcass weights.
This comes along with the finding of [7,15]. According to this
study too, dressing percentages of the hot and cold carcasses (on
slaughter or empty body weight bases) of old lambs treated for
internal parasites whether given high or low energy diet were
significantly (P < 0.05) higher than for old lambs left naturally
infected. This agreed with Larsson EV who proved that gastrointestinal
parasitic infection affected negatively weight gain and
consequently carcass weight, but they did not put age in consideration
[16]. This might be due to the effect of internal parasites
on carcass weight. Thus infection with gastrointestinal parasites
played a great role in decreasing dressing percentage value [17].
Oppositely, young lambs treated for internal parasitism and fed
high energy diet were not different in their dressing percentages
for the hot and cold carcass whether calculated on slaughter or
empty body weight bases, from those left naturally infected. Dietary
energy level and health interactions affected dressing percentage
when calculated on cold body weight base while age has
no effect. Shrinkage indirectly affected carcass quality. This was
because carcass shrinkage loss increased in old and young lambs
left naturally infected and fed on either high or low energy diets
than in those treated for internal parasites. Dressing percentage
of treated lambs whether old or young and fed high energy
diet was 54.37 % which was higher than their counter parts fed
low energy diet 51.84 % (Table 6). Infected lambs, whether old
or young fed high energy diet had a dressing percent of 54.47 %
while those given low energy diet ended up with 45.60 % dressing
percent. This agreed with Priolo A, et al. who observed that
growing animals on high energy diets generally had higher average
daily gain, dressing percentage and carcass quality than those
on pasture [7]. Dressing percentage of both old and young lambs
which were treated for internal parasites and fed low energy diet
was 51.84 %, meanwhile dressing percentage of both old and
young lambs fed low energy diet and left naturally infected was
45.60 %.
Economic calculation of carcasses of experimental
lambs
The sales of the cold carcasses of treated old group that was
given high energy diet had the best sales while young infected
group that was given low energy diet had the worst sales. That was calculated regardless of purchase prices and other cost. It
goes in line with Jones R, et al. who stated that gastrointestinal
parasites have an extremely harmful effect on the sheep industry
[4]. According to Lesnoff M, et al. some very highly developed
countries data related to costs and treatments are relatively easily
to obtain, but estimates of benefits are not, Thus it is very hard
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