Keywords: P. str tes; Growth; inorganic materials absorption;
Based on reports from previous researchers, public waters in Riau province at this time have many that experienced pollution, mainly due to the inorganic and organic material into the water in excess. [19] States that the high content of inorganic compounds in the waters can affect the abundance of organisms, but for some organisms, such waters condition is still tolerable, although later there will be species dominance in the ecosystem
The ability of P. stratiotes to decrease the content of organic and inorganic materials present in waters is very large and is environmentally friendly (Figure 2). The biological function of the P. stratiotes allows it to absorb the organic and inorganic compounds in the waters, and this capability varies greatly depending on the size of the plant [13]. One characteristic of hyper accumulator plants such as P. stratiotes is resistant to nutrients in high concentrations. Its root ability to absorb ground-based elements is quite high when compared to other aquatic plants, and it also has the capability of transplanting and accumulating organic and inorganic materials from root to tree canopy [14], P. stratiotes has the ability to directly absorb elements C, O, H from air, N, P, K, S, Ca, and Mg from pollutant and soil through their root organs [20], P. stratiotes ability to absorb organic and inorganic compounds are due to the process of ion movement between the cells and penetrate the cell membrane [15].
[19] Reported that the effect of feeding on fish pellets on the growth of P. stratiotes was able to reduce high ammonia levels in the waters. However, the study still does not explain the ability of P. stratiotes to absorb nutrients N and P is. In this connection, this experiment wanted to know clearly about the ability of P. stratiotes to absorb the nutrients (N and P).
α = Daily growth rate (gr / day)
Wt = final weight of P. stratiotes (gr)
WO = initial weight of P. stratiotes (gr)
t = length of maintenance (days)
The ability of P. stratiotes in absorbing organic compounds is calculated using the formula
Test length (days) |
The treatment of organic matter (g) |
||||
P0 |
P15 |
P20 |
P35 |
P50 |
|
1 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
3 |
9 |
11.4 |
11.6 |
11.2 |
12.8 |
6 |
10 |
13.2 |
13.2 |
14.8 |
16.8 |
9 |
11.4 |
15 |
15.2 |
17.4 |
19.6 |
12 |
13.6 |
19.2 |
18.6 |
21.6 |
23 |
15 |
14.8 |
21.2 |
20.8 |
23.6 |
25.8 |
Total |
7.8 |
14.2 |
13.8 |
16.6 |
18.8 |
Percentages (%) |
111 |
203 |
197 |
237 |
269 |
The treatment of organic matter |
Day of the test |
|||||
1 |
3 |
6 |
9 |
12 |
15 |
|
P0 |
0 |
0.8 |
1.4 |
2.2 |
3 |
3 |
P15 |
0 |
1.6 |
3 |
4.2 |
4.8 |
6.8 |
P20 |
0 |
1.4 |
3 |
4.2 |
5.8 |
7.6 |
P35 |
0 |
1.4 |
3.6 |
5.2 |
6.2 |
7.6 |
P50 |
0 |
1.4 |
3 |
4 |
5.6 |
7.8 |
The treatment of organic matter |
Day of the test |
|||||
1 |
3 |
6 |
9 |
12 |
15 |
|
P0 |
0 |
1-2 |
2-4 |
2-4 |
2-4 |
2-4 |
P15 |
0 |
1-2 |
3-5 |
2-7 |
3-9 |
5-12 |
P20 |
0 |
1-2 |
2-5 |
3-8 |
3-10 |
3-10 |
P35 |
0 |
1-2 |
2-5 |
3-7 |
3-9 |
3-12 |
P50 |
0 |
1-2 |
2-4 |
3-6 |
3-8 |
4-11 |
The highest number of shoots was found in the 50 g treatment with a shoot-increase range of 4-11 fruit/plants. The treatment of inorganic compound 0 g is the least shoot growth (0-4 fruits/ plant), and this new shoot comes from stolen. A stolen is more formed on test media containing nutrients. Bey (2007), more stolen is formed on the test water which contains many nutrients (inorganic material) in high concentration so that the number of tillers produced more and more. The formation of saplings in plants P. stratiotes derived from stolen.
Rijal (2014), P. stratiotes is a plant that can breed not only generatively through pollination on flowers, but also vegetative. Breeding can be done because it is able to form stolen. (Table 4) The stolen can be cut off at the end and will break off and grow into a new individual. Rao, PN, and Reddy, USA (1984) stated that this water plant can develop rapidly, because it can be done with generative and also vegetative by using stolen so that with the ability, the plant can grow and can expand and form big colony that can cover the entire surface of the waters available to them [6].
Test length (days) |
The treatment of organic matter (g) |
|||||
P0 |
P15 |
P20 |
P35 |
P50 |
||
0 |
18.2 |
18.4 |
18.4 |
18.2 |
18.4 |
|
3 |
21.6 |
22.4 |
22 |
22.2 |
22.4 |
|
6 |
26 |
27.2 |
26 |
26 |
26 |
|
9 |
27 |
28.8 |
27.8 |
27.2 |
28 |
|
12 |
27.6 |
30.2 |
28.6 |
28.6 |
29.2 |
|
15 |
28.6 |
31.6 |
30.4 |
30.4 |
31.6 |
|
Total |
10.4 |
13.2 |
12 |
12.2 |
13.2 |
|
Percentage (%) |
57 |
72 |
65 |
67 |
72 |
The treatment of organic matter |
|
Test length (days) |
|||||
0 |
3 |
6 |
9 |
12 |
15 |
||
P0 |
Average |
5.4 |
7 |
9 |
10.4 |
11.6 |
12.4 |
|
Range |
5-6 |
6-8 |
9-12 |
9-12 |
11-12 |
11-13 |
P15 |
Average |
5.4 |
7.2 |
9.2 |
11.2 |
12 |
13 |
|
Range |
5-6 |
7-8 |
8-10 |
10-12 |
11-13 |
12-14 |
P20 |
Average |
5.4 |
6.4 |
8.2 |
10.2 |
11.6 |
13 |
|
Range |
5-6 |
6-7 |
7-10 |
9-12 |
10-12 |
12-14 |
P35 |
Average |
5.2 |
6 |
7.6 |
9.4 |
10.4 |
12 |
|
Range |
5-6 |
5-7 |
6-9 |
8-10 |
9-12 |
10-14 |
P50 |
Average |
5.2 |
6.8 |
8.4 |
10 |
10.8 |
12.2 |
|
Range |
5-6 |
6-7 |
7-9 |
9-12 |
9-13 |
10-14 |
At the 50 g treatment known to occur the largest growth of root length, with a total average growth of 13.2 cm while the longest root length growth is on the treatment of 0 g inorganic compounds with a total growth rate of 10.4 cm. (Figure 8) This can happen because the elements of nitrate and phosphate in the test medium affect root growth in plants. Sitrabio (2012), the function of phosphorus (P) elements for plants is for root growth, flowering, ripening fruit/ seed/grain. (Table 5) The P element also serves for the preparation of cell nuclei, fats, and proteins. In addition, P element also serves to stimulate the defense of plant cells and enlarge cell tissues [15].
The treatment of inorganic compounds with a dose of 50 g has the longest root growth. This is caused by aquatic plants of P. stratiotes using N nutrients in test medium for root length growth. Walstad (2007) explains that many N compounds in the waters will be able to accelerate the growth of roots but also can damage the plant because it can be toxic to the roots. Water plants P. stratiotes utilize the excess of N elements in the test medium for root growth [20].
Test length (days) |
The treatment of organic matter (g) |
||||
P0 |
P15 |
P20 |
P35 |
P50 |
|
0 |
31.2 |
29.7 |
30.3 |
29.1 |
32.6 |
3 |
32.5 |
32.1 |
32.3 |
31.1 |
34.1 |
6 |
34.5 |
35.9 |
34.9 |
33.9 |
37.6 |
9 |
36.2 |
38.7 |
38.2 |
36.3 |
40.2 |
12 |
37.6 |
40.5 |
39.6 |
37.7 |
41.2 |
15 |
38.7 |
42.1 |
41.2 |
39.8 |
42.9 |
Total |
7.4 |
12.3 |
10.9 |
10.5 |
10.3 |
Percentage (%) |
24 |
41 |
36 |
36 |
35 |
(Figure 5) Leaf growth is more likely to grow in high concentrations of inorganic compounds so that the number of leaves produced is also more numerous, but the number of leaves decreases with increasing dose of inorganic compounds on the test media, there has been a change of inorganic compounds into glutamine (Warsono and Sigit, 2001), In the test medium, the ammonium changes into glutamine that takes place rapidly in the leaves will accelerate the formation of new leaves. The impact will be the number of leaves that many in a relatively short time.
Measurement |
Treatment |
||||
P0 |
P15 |
P20 |
P35 |
P50 |
|
Daily growth (gr/Hari) |
0,52 |
0,95 |
0,92 |
1,1 |
1,25 |
Percentage (%) |
7,5 |
13,5 |
13,1 |
15,8 |
17,9 |
(Table 7) Plants derive the ingredients necessary for growth through the roots by absorbing water from the surrounding environment by isotonic means. Roots also absorb minerals along with water absorption [7]. The transport of water and mineral salts is carried out by absorption by root cell cells, after passing through the root cells, which dissolves into the wood vessels (xylem) and then there will be vertical transport from root to stem to leaf, then taken to all parts of the plant by plant tissues ie phloem [10].
Nutrient |
Time |
The treatment of organic matter (g) |
Mean |
||||
P0 |
P15 |
P20 |
P35 |
P50 |
|||
Nitrate |
Early |
0,0958 |
0,1479 |
0,1792 |
0,2313 |
0,1688 |
|
Decrease |
0,0833 |
0,0833 |
0,1250 |
0,1875 |
0,1355 |
0, 1229 (75%) |
|
Rate of decline |
0,0119 |
0,0119 |
0,0178 |
0,0267 |
0,0193 |
0,0176 |
|
Phosphate |
Early |
0,3319 |
0,3540 |
0,4425 |
10,841 |
11,261 |
|
Decrease |
0,0952 |
0,0863 |
0,1040 |
0,2368 |
0,1327 |
0, 0548 (20 %) |
|
Rate of decline |
0,0136 |
0,0123 |
0,0148 |
0,0338 |
0,0189 |
0,0078 |
Waters Parameter |
Time |
The treatment of organic matter (g) |
||||
P0 |
P15 |
P20 |
P35 |
P50 |
||
Early |
29 |
29 |
29 |
29 |
29 |
|
Temperature |
Central |
28 |
28 |
28 |
28 |
28 |
End |
28 |
28 |
28 |
28 |
28 |
|
Early |
6 |
6 |
6 |
6 |
6 |
|
pH |
Central |
6 |
6 |
6 |
6 |
7 |
End |
6 |
6 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
|
Early |
0,0958 |
0,1479 |
0,1792 |
0,2313 |
0,1688 |
|
Nitrate |
Central |
0,0125 |
0,0646 |
0,0542 |
0,0438 |
0,0333 |
End |
0,1276 |
0,1792 |
0,2729 |
0,5021 |
0,3979 |
|
Early |
0,3319 |
0,3540 |
0,4425 |
1,0841 |
1,1261 |
|
Phosphate |
Central |
0,2367 |
0,4403 |
0,5465 |
0,8473 |
0,9934 |
|
End |
0,6546 |
0,7965 |
0,8031 |
1,9496 |
2,2898 |
P. stratiotes were able to decrease N-nutrient N by 75% from initial nitrate and decrease of nutrient P by 20% up to day 7 (centre). After the 7th day the water plants of P. stratiotes must be removed from the waters, otherwise, the nutrients in the water will again increase due to the ingress of nutrients from the P. stratiotes plant. Based on the results of the research, P. stratiotes showed nutrient uptake which is the result of decomposition of organic matter characterized by increasing biomass. Therefore, water plants P. stratiotes can be utilized as a nutrient absorbent nutrient (N and P) phytoremediator in the waters.
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