Research Article
Open Access
Extraction and Application of Eco- Friendly Natural
dye Obtained from Flower of Acacia eburnea (L.f.)
Willd on Cotton Fabric
S Thiyagarajan, K Balakrishnan*, R Venkadachalam
Department of Chemistry, A. V. V. M. Sri Pushpam College, Thanjavur, India
*Corresponding author: Dr K Balakrishnan M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed, Ph.D, Associate professor, Department of chemistry, A. V. V. M. Sri Pushpam College, Poondi,
Thanjavur, Tamilnadu-613503, Tel: 9443564231; E-mail:
@
Received: August 20, 2016; Accepted: September 10, 2016; Published: September 30, 2016
In this present study ethanalic dye extracts of Acacia eburnea
(L.f.) Willd was dyed to the bleached cotton fabrics were dyed
with different chemical mordant’s using pre-mordanting, postmordanting
and simultaneous-mordanting method. In this method
post mordanting of ferrous sulphate compound gave good K/S
-value than others. The dyed fabrics have show good washing, light,
rubbing fastness and perspiration fastness properties. Antimicrobial
activities of the dye extract were also studied.
Keywords: Extraction; Natural Dyes; Acacia Eburnea (L.F.) Willd
Flowers; ISO Method; Cotton; Textiles
Introduction
The natural dyes are using coloring agent of textile, food and
paints in the beginning of the mankind. But synthetic dyes are
removing colour in process in anything about one century back
use of natural dyes have witnessed diminished. During last two
decades natural dyes have witnessed a process of revival [1].
With the increasing awareness of government also helped us and
far eco textiles and need to preserve environment has lead to the
revival of old practice of coloration with natural dyestuff. Due to
the carcinogens what natural of some synthetic dyes and their
intermediates are being looked it is not effect natural dye and not
damage included water and sand at as an “eco solution” to the ill
effects of synthetic dyes. The serious limitation associated within
the natural dyes is the process of dyeing with natural dyes in very
lengthy and time consuming. Moreover reproducibility of shades
is also a major problem faced in dyeing with natural dyes as
traditional processes for their application on various substrates
have been lost in the absence of proper documentation and years
of neglect. Synthetic dyes are effect hair and skin problem and
food items. It becomes necessary to develop new techniques of
coloration and also to standardize these processes with the help
of modern scientific so that these dyes can offer themselves as
an effective eco option [2]. Natural dyes are known for their use
in coloring of food substrate, leather, wood as well as natural
fibers like wool, silk, cotton and flax as major areas of application since ancient times. Natural dyes may have a wide range of
shades, and can be obtained from various parts of plants and
synthesis dyes are fully chemical components. Since the advent
of widely available and cheaper synthetic dyes in 1856 having
moderate to excellent colour fastness properties is polluted
eco system so natural dye was used for dyeing on cotton fabric.
In, recently there has been revival of the growing interest on
the application of natural dyes on natural fibers due to all over
worldwide environmental consciousness [3]. In many of the
world’s developing countries, natural dyes can offer not only
rich and varied source of dye stuff, it used income and through
sustainable harvest and sale of these plants [4]. Today due to
global environmental awareness trend of using natural colours
is drawing production and application of synthetic dyes release
large amount of waste and unwanted colour and causing health
hazards environmental pollution and disturb eco – balance. The
most alarming and affect to health due to the presence of toxic
chemicals in the finished textiles especially which are coming in
contact with the skin has opened new challenges for the persons
working in the field of textiles industry [5]. Natural dyes have
better biodegradability with the environment. They are nontoxic
non – allergic to skin non – carcinogenic, easily available
and renewable. Colour fastness is the resistance of a material to
change any of its colour characteristic is extent of transfer of its
colorants to adjacent which materials in touch generally light
fastness, wash fastness and rub fastness are considered far textile
fibers but synthesis are not biodegradability with environmental
allergy [6].
Acacia eburnea (L.f.)Willd a small tree with red-purple
corolla and yellow stamens and large ivory-white thorns, the
pods papery, the leaf lets. Plant Name Acacia eburnea (L.f.) Willd.
Family Fabaceae.
Methods
Plant collection
Acacia eburnea (L.f.) Willd flowers was collected from
pannavayal village, Thanjavur district and authenticated by Dr.
S John Britto, Rapinat Herbarium, St.josephs College, and Trichy.
Fabric
For the cotton fabric bleaching process M: L ratio 1:30 is used.
1g of cotton fabric sample has been taken in 100ml of beaker. 6
volumes (20ml) of H2O2, 5mlof 4%NaOH and 5ml of 2% sodium
silicate are added with the fabric. 3 drops of wetting reagent is
added to this solution and heated about 80-85°C for 1hours. The
cotton samples have been dried.
Mordants
Chemical used: AR grade metallic salts such as copper
sulphate, ferrous sulphate, aluminium sulphate, Potassium
diChromate, stannous Chloride were used as chemical mordant’s
Experimental
Dye Extraction: Above 300 g of Acacia eburnea (L.f.) Willd
fresh flowers and added with (80% of ethanol + 20% water )
and socking 15 minutes, 500 ml of RB flask and highly heated to
60 minutes at 70°C. Then transferred to after extractions were
filtered and used as a natural dye. It was noticed that, colour of
the dye extract was brownish yellow colour.
Effect of M: L Ratio
Weighed cotton samples were dyed with dye extracts keeping
in the M: L ratio of 1:10, 1:20, 1:30 and 1:40. Its indicate that M: L
ratio 1:30 is the better dyeing. Compare with others.
Dyeing procedure
Weighed cotton samples were dyed with dye extract
maintenance M: L ratio as 1:30 dyeing was carried out at 78°C
and continued for 1hour.
Mordanting
Weighed cotton samples were treated and with different
chemical mordant’s by following three methods [7].
(i) pre- mordanting
(ii) simultaneous mordanting
(iii) post- mordanting
Pre Mordanting of cotton cloth with metallic salts
Bleached cotton cloth with pre mordanting were added to
dyeing of following any one chemical mordant’s, such as K2Cr2O7,
Al2SO4, CuSO4, SnCl2, and FeSO4 at 60°C for 30 min. And mordant
cloth and added with natural flower extract and added some
amount of water and heated. After 10 minutes added required
amount of sodium carbonate. After 20 minutes added required
amount of sodium chloride was added, 1 hour heated at 78°C
with M:L ratio of 1:30 then it is added to the flowers extract. The
dyed cloth were again washed with water and then dried in air.
Simultaneous Mordanting of cotton cloth with metallic
salts
Bleached cotton cloth with natural dye extract and, using any
one of the chemical mordant’s, such as K2Cr2O7, Al2SO4, CuSO4,
SnCl2, and FeSO4 added some amount of water. After 10 minutes added required amount of sodium carbonate. After 20 minutes
added required amount of sodium chloride was added, 1 hour
heated at 78°C with M:L ratio of 1:30. The dyed cloth were again
washed with water and then dried in air.
Post Mordanting of cotton cloth with metallic salts
Bleached cotton cloth with natural dye extract and, added
some amount of water and heated. 1 hour heated at 78°C. And
natural dyed cloth and any one of the chemical mordant’s, such as
K2Cr2O7, Al2SO4, CuSO4, SnCl2, andFeSO4 at After 10 minutes added
required amount of sodium carbonate. After 20 minutes added
required amount of sodium chloride was added, 30 minutes
heated at 60°C with M:L ratio of 1:30. The dyed cloth were again
washed with water and then dried in air.
Color fastness
The colour fastness were determined washing, light, rubbing
and perspiration methods of standards methods. ISO – 105- C06:
2010, ISO 105- BO2: 2014, IS: 766-1956, and ISO-E04:2013
respectively [8].
Measurement of colour strength
The colour strength of the dyed cotton fabrics were
determined by K/S values. The light reflectance of the dyed cotton
samples were measured using a Text flash spectrophotometer
(Data colour corp.). The K/S values were calculated by Kubelka-
Munk equation.
K/S= (1-R)2 /2R
Where, R is the decimal fraction of the light reflectance of
the dyed samples at max. K is the absorption coefficient and S is
scattering coefficient [9].
Antimicrobial Screening Test
The antimicrobial (both bacterial and fungal) studies were
carried out in duplicates using agar well diffusion method
and a control set was along with each test to determine the
antimicrobial activity. Investigations were carried out to
determine the antibacterial activity of the dye solution 50mg/
μl10 [10].
Pathogenic micro organisms were purchased from Trichy
Medical College Pathology Departments. The test bacteria
staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichiacoli ATCC 25922,
Pseudomonas aeroginosa ATCC 27853. Pathogenic bacteria
culture in nutrient broth at 37°c for 24 hrs the culture were
swapped on nutrient agar plates 100μl of the dye solution
loaded in the well after incubation 37°c for 24 hours the zone of
inhibition was measured by the taking the average of the zone
obtained from the duplicate plates [11]. Anti fungal activity of
the dye against Aspergillusniger and Candida albicans have been
detected on sterile potato dextrose agar plates. Concentration of
the dye in a similar way as described above. After incubation at
between 37°C for 72 hrs the zone of inhibition was measured.
Result
The post mordanting method is shown in Figure – 1.
The effect of mordant’s on colour values of cotton fabric dyedwith Acacia eburnea (L.f.)Willd flowers is shown in Figure-2 and
concerned Table-1.
The fastness properties of dyed of cotton fabrics are shown
in Table-2.
Antibacterial and antifungal activity as are shown in Figure-3
and concerned Table-3.
Discussion
Effect of Mordanting
The natural dye extract was found to be suitable for cotton
fabric. The cotton fabrics were dyed with chemical mordant’s. It
was observed that, the dye uptake was found to excellent.
Optimization of mordant’s with K/S value and colour
hue change
The different mordant’s not only cause difference in hues of
colour and significant changes in K/S values but also changes in
L* Values and brightness index value
L*, a*, b,* C *, H*and colour strength K/S values and it can
be seen that, mordant’s which show higher value of L*show
lighter shades while lower L*value show darker shades for.
Furthermore, negative values of a*and b* appearance green and
Figure 1: Surface colour strength (K/S values) of dyed cotton fabrics
after pre, post and simultaneous Mordanting.
Figure 2: Effect of Mordants on colour Values of cotton fabric with
Flowers of Acacia eburnea (L.f.) Wild (Post-Mordanted).
Table 1: Different Post mordant’s L*, a*, b,* C *, H*
and K/S Values for
cotton fabric dyed with Acacia eburnea (L.f.)Willd(flowers)
S.NO |
Mordants |
L* |
a* |
b* |
C* |
H* |
K/S Value |
1 |
K2Cr2
O7 |
73.079 |
1.884 |
21.375 |
21.458 |
84.031 |
15.461 |
2 |
CuSO4 |
68.709 |
1.566 |
22.083 |
22.138 |
85.909 |
21.445 |
3 |
FeSO4 |
44.880 |
1.897 |
7.578 |
7.812 |
75.915 |
81.868 |
4 |
Al2SO4 |
73.360 |
-1.093 |
28.437 |
28.458 |
92.236 |
17.607 |
5 |
SnCl2 |
71.136 |
1.622 |
25.082 |
25.134 |
86.265 |
18.727 |
Table 2: Fastness properties for cotton fabric dyed with Acacia eburnea
(L.f.) Willd (flowers)
S.NO |
Mordant Proportions |
Light Fastness
Grades (ISO – 105- C06 : 2010) |
Washing Fastness Grades( ISO 105-BO2 : 2014) |
Rubbing Fastness
Grades(ISO: 766-1956) |
Perspiration Fastness(ISO : E04 : 2013) |
|
Acidic |
Alkaline |
CC |
CS |
Dry |
Wet |
CC |
CS |
CC |
CS |
1 |
K2Cr2O7 |
3 |
3-4 |
4-5 |
4 |
3-4 |
4-5 |
4-5 |
4-5 |
4-5 |
2 |
CuSO4 |
3-4 |
2-3 |
4-5 |
4 |
4 |
2-3 |
4-5 |
3 |
4-5 |
3 |
FeSO4 |
4 |
4 |
4-5 |
4-5 |
4 |
4-5 |
4-5 |
4-5 |
4-5 |
4 |
Al2SO4 |
2 |
3 |
4-5 |
4 |
4 |
2-3 |
4-5 |
3-4 |
4-5 |
5 |
SnCl2 |
3 |
3-4 |
4-5 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4-5 |
4-5 |
4-5 |
Figure 3: Antimicrobial activities of dye extract from flowers of Acacia
eburnea (L.f.)Willd (flowers).
Table 3: Antimicrobial activities of natural dye extract from Acacia
eburnea (L.f.)Willd (flowers)
Micro organism |
Test Culture |
Diameter Zone of inhibition
(mm) |
bacteria |
Escherichia coli
Pseudomonas aeroginosa
Staphylococcies aureus pathogens |
10.5
16.5
14 |
fungal |
Aspergillusniger
Candida albicans |
10.5
8 |
blue properly C*chromaticity H*hue of the colour. Among the
chemical mordant’s used, the highest colour value (K/S =81.868)
was obtained with FeSO4 and lowest colour value (K/S =15.461)
with K2Cr2O7.
Fastness properties
It was observed that, dyeing with Acacia eburnea (L.f.)Willd
has excellent washing, lighting, rubbing and perspiration fastness
properties. Overall, it could be used for commercial purposes and
attain acceptable range.
Antimicrobial Activity Studies
In this study, three different bacterial and two fungal
pathogens were used to screening the possible antimicrobial
activity of dye extract. Natural dye extract exhibited antibacterial
and antifungal activity against all test microorganisms.
Antibacterial and antifungal activity
The natural dye extract showed good antibacterial activity
against the three bacterial pathogens. Dye extract showed more
effective against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and
Staphylococcus aureus pathogens. The natural dye extract showed
good antifungal activity against the two antifungal. Dye extract
showed more effective against Aspergillusniger, Candida albicans.
Conclusion
The natural dye shows non-toxic non-allergic effects and
results in less pollution as well as less side effects, it become a
thrust area in the field textile dyeing research. The flower extract
of Acacia eburnea (L.f.)Willd has a good natural dye source. The
washing, lighting, rubbing and perspiration fastness of all dyeing
with mordant’s were quit good and also dye extract has shown
good antimicrobial activity. From the comparative study the
fastness properties of dyed cotton samples gave a better result
in the Post mordanting method. These are grown through under
and so are easily available.
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