Research Article
Open Access
Prevalence of Clinical Signs and Symptoms
of Hypertension: A Gender and Age Based
Comparison
Hafsa K1, Ahsan AS2, Summaiya I3, Zarghoona W4, Sana N5, Maham R6,
Uroosa S7, Faiza J8, Anum G9, Adnan A10*
1MBBS, Resident Emergency Medicine, King Fahad Specialist Hospital
2MBBS, Msc Public Health, Specialist Family Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh
3MBBS, Hamdard College of Medicine and Dentistry, Hamdard University Hospital
4MBBS, M. Assistant, Musavvir Stem cell Clinic and Pathology Laboratory
5MBBS, MPH, Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Avicenna Medical College
6MBBS, Senior Medical officer, Community Health Services
7MBBS, House Officer, Liaquat National Hospital
8Pharm D, Hamdard University
9MBBS, Medical Officer, Ashfaq Memorial Hospital
10MBBS, M.Phil, Senior Lecturer Department of Physiology Al-Tibri Medical College Karachi
2MBBS, Msc Public Health, Specialist Family Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh
3MBBS, Hamdard College of Medicine and Dentistry, Hamdard University Hospital
4MBBS, M. Assistant, Musavvir Stem cell Clinic and Pathology Laboratory
5MBBS, MPH, Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Avicenna Medical College
6MBBS, Senior Medical officer, Community Health Services
7MBBS, House Officer, Liaquat National Hospital
8Pharm D, Hamdard University
9MBBS, Medical Officer, Ashfaq Memorial Hospital
10MBBS, M.Phil, Senior Lecturer Department of Physiology Al-Tibri Medical College Karachi
*Corresponding author: Adnan Anwar, MBBS, M.Phil, Senior Lecturer, Department of Physiology, Altibri Medical College Karachi, Pakistan.
E-mail:
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Received: April 06, 2018; Accepted: April 20, 2018; Published: April 27, 2018
Citation: Adnan A, Hafsa K, Ahsan AS, Summaiya I, Zarghoona W, et al. (2018) Prevalence of Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Hypertension: A Gender and Age Based Comparison. Palliat Med Care 5(2): 1-8.
DOI: 10.15226/2374-8362/5/2/00155
DOI: 10.15226/2374-8362/5/2/00155
AbstractTop
Objective: To compare the prevalence of clinical signs and symptoms of hypertension among different gender and age based groups of hypertensive patients.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 372 patients aged 18 or above with self-reported history of hypertension and on anti-hypertensive medication. It was a multicenter study performed in urban health center and Myanmar health center for duration of 6 months from June 2017 till November 2017. Hypertension associated signs and symptoms were evaluated with the help of a questionnaire and clinical examination. Blood pressure was measured using sphygmomanometer with stethoscope.
Results: A higher percentage of males were smokers (18.2% vs. 1.4%) and gave a positive history of chest pain (49.3% vs. 38.2%), though a higher percentage of females gave a positive history of vision problems (57.0% vs. 49.3%), fatigue (74.8% vs. 70.3%) and confusion (66.7% vs. 60.6%). Moreover, a higher percentage of ≤40 years old patients gave a positive history of headache (80.7% vs. 69.4%) though a higher percentage of >40 years old patients were smokers (12.0% vs. 4.7%), gave a positive history of vertigo (59.3% vs. 47.7%), chest pain (49.3% vs. 32.2%), vision problems (57.4% vs. 44.2%), dyspnea (57.4% vs. 43.8%), increase in urinary frequency (45.5% vs. 30.6%), nausea (25.4% vs. 20.5%), sleep apnea (38.6% vs. 20.5%), irregular heartbeat/palpitation (39.9% vs. 33.0%), fatigue (74.8% vs. 67.0%) and confusion (68.6% vs. 52.3%).
Conclusion: The prevalence of smoking, chest pain, vision problems, fatigue and confusion were found to be different between both genders. Furthermore, the prevalence of smoking, headache, vertigo, chest pain, vision problems, dyspnea, increased urinary frequency, nausea, sleep apnea, irregular heartbeat/palpitation, fatigue and confusion were found to be different between both age groups.
Key words: Prevalence; Signs and Symptoms; Hypertension; Gender; Age
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 372 patients aged 18 or above with self-reported history of hypertension and on anti-hypertensive medication. It was a multicenter study performed in urban health center and Myanmar health center for duration of 6 months from June 2017 till November 2017. Hypertension associated signs and symptoms were evaluated with the help of a questionnaire and clinical examination. Blood pressure was measured using sphygmomanometer with stethoscope.
Results: A higher percentage of males were smokers (18.2% vs. 1.4%) and gave a positive history of chest pain (49.3% vs. 38.2%), though a higher percentage of females gave a positive history of vision problems (57.0% vs. 49.3%), fatigue (74.8% vs. 70.3%) and confusion (66.7% vs. 60.6%). Moreover, a higher percentage of ≤40 years old patients gave a positive history of headache (80.7% vs. 69.4%) though a higher percentage of >40 years old patients were smokers (12.0% vs. 4.7%), gave a positive history of vertigo (59.3% vs. 47.7%), chest pain (49.3% vs. 32.2%), vision problems (57.4% vs. 44.2%), dyspnea (57.4% vs. 43.8%), increase in urinary frequency (45.5% vs. 30.6%), nausea (25.4% vs. 20.5%), sleep apnea (38.6% vs. 20.5%), irregular heartbeat/palpitation (39.9% vs. 33.0%), fatigue (74.8% vs. 67.0%) and confusion (68.6% vs. 52.3%).
Conclusion: The prevalence of smoking, chest pain, vision problems, fatigue and confusion were found to be different between both genders. Furthermore, the prevalence of smoking, headache, vertigo, chest pain, vision problems, dyspnea, increased urinary frequency, nausea, sleep apnea, irregular heartbeat/palpitation, fatigue and confusion were found to be different between both age groups.
Key words: Prevalence; Signs and Symptoms; Hypertension; Gender; Age
Introduction
Hypertension is regarded as an important public health
challenge worldwide because of its high prevalence. [1,2] It is
known to increases the risk of various medical conditions such
as heart attack, stroke, kidney failure and blindness. [3] The
Comparative Risk Assessment Collaborating Group has identified
hypertension as the third leading risk factor for morbidity and
as the leading risk factor for mortality worldwide. [4] More than
a quarter of the world’s adult population has been reported
to suffer from hypertension, two thirds of which belong to
developing countries. [5] According to World Health Organization
estimates, hypertension annually results in 7.5 million deaths. [3]
An analysis of global data revealed that the overall prevalence of hypertension is similar in both genders, and that it consistently increases with age worldwide. [5] A meta-analysis earlier reported 17% of the Pakistani population to be suffering from hypertension. [6] The World Health Organization recently estimated that 25.2% of the Pakistani population had high blood pressure. [7]
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of ≥140 mm Hg, or a diastolic blood pressure of ≥90 mm Hg, or taking antihypertensive medication. [8] Hypertension can be of two types, essential and secondary. Essential hypertension can be defined as a rise in blood pressure of unknown cause that increases risk for cerebral, cardiac, and renal events. [9] Secondary hypertension is defined as increased systemic blood pressure due to an identifiable cause. [10]
Multiple factors such as age, gender, and level of high blood pressure can influence the way in which hypertension presents itself clinically but literature does not reveal substantial relevant data, both internationally and locally, making the task of assessing the effects of above mentioned factors in the clinical manifestation of hypertension difficult. Our objective therefore was to compare the prevalence of clinical signs and symptoms of hypertension among different gender and age based groups of hypertensive patients.
An analysis of global data revealed that the overall prevalence of hypertension is similar in both genders, and that it consistently increases with age worldwide. [5] A meta-analysis earlier reported 17% of the Pakistani population to be suffering from hypertension. [6] The World Health Organization recently estimated that 25.2% of the Pakistani population had high blood pressure. [7]
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of ≥140 mm Hg, or a diastolic blood pressure of ≥90 mm Hg, or taking antihypertensive medication. [8] Hypertension can be of two types, essential and secondary. Essential hypertension can be defined as a rise in blood pressure of unknown cause that increases risk for cerebral, cardiac, and renal events. [9] Secondary hypertension is defined as increased systemic blood pressure due to an identifiable cause. [10]
Multiple factors such as age, gender, and level of high blood pressure can influence the way in which hypertension presents itself clinically but literature does not reveal substantial relevant data, both internationally and locally, making the task of assessing the effects of above mentioned factors in the clinical manifestation of hypertension difficult. Our objective therefore was to compare the prevalence of clinical signs and symptoms of hypertension among different gender and age based groups of hypertensive patients.
Materials and Methods
After taking ethical approval, a cross-sectional study
was carried out among patients with self-reported history
of hypertension and on anti-hypertensive medication. It was
a multicenter study performed in Urban health center and
Myanmar health center for a duration of 6 months from June
2017 till November 2017. By employing convenient sampling
technique, a total of 372 patients aged 18 or above were included
in the study. Patients with history of diabetes, cardiac events,
neurological disorders, cluster headache, gastrointestinal
disease, visual problems, epistaxis before being diagnosed with
hypertension and morbid obesity were excluded from the study.
A detailed history was taken from each patient about hypertension associated symptoms with the help of a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed based on 12 major or most frequently encountered symptoms by the hypertensive patients. The site, duration, and severity of each symptom were documented. Each symptom was graded from mild to severe to assess the severity of the symptoms. The presence of edema was noted with its laterality and grading. The appearance of chest pain was noted with its severity. The problems of vision were noted and classified according to the loss in field of vision. The history of epistaxis and urinary symptoms were noted with frequency. Few additional symptoms such as nausea, sleep apnea, palpitations, fatigue and confusion were also assessed subjectively. Blood pressure was measured using sphygmomanometer with stethoscope to assess hypertension level.
The collected data were coded, entered and analyzed on SPSS version 20. The descriptive analysis was performed by calculating means and standard deviations for continuous variables and frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. The duration of study was 6 months.
A detailed history was taken from each patient about hypertension associated symptoms with the help of a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed based on 12 major or most frequently encountered symptoms by the hypertensive patients. The site, duration, and severity of each symptom were documented. Each symptom was graded from mild to severe to assess the severity of the symptoms. The presence of edema was noted with its laterality and grading. The appearance of chest pain was noted with its severity. The problems of vision were noted and classified according to the loss in field of vision. The history of epistaxis and urinary symptoms were noted with frequency. Few additional symptoms such as nausea, sleep apnea, palpitations, fatigue and confusion were also assessed subjectively. Blood pressure was measured using sphygmomanometer with stethoscope to assess hypertension level.
The collected data were coded, entered and analyzed on SPSS version 20. The descriptive analysis was performed by calculating means and standard deviations for continuous variables and frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. The duration of study was 6 months.
Results
The total data collected were of 372 patients but after
excluding missing data for various study variables the final data
analyzed were of 303 patients for gender wise comparison and of
299 patients for age wise comparison.
For gender wise comparison, the study results revealed that the mean age of male patients was slightly higher than that of female patients (50.36±11.93 years vs. 46.74±12.93 years) and therefore a higher percentage of them was above 40 years of age (79.9% vs. 60.0%). An almost equal percentage of both males and females had systolic hypertension (68.0% and 65.9% respectively) though the percentage of diastolic hypertension was slightly higher in females (53.1% vs. 48.1%). Both males and females had similar mean systolic blood pressure (141.13±13.94 mm Hg and 141.67±15.35 mm Hg respectively) though the mean diastolic blood pressure was slightly higher in females (86.09±9.65 mm Hg vs. 84.43±10.71 mm Hg). Both males and females had similar mean duration of hypertension as well (4.86±5.39 years and 4.78±5.39 years respectively). A much higher percentage of males were smokers (18.2% vs. 1.4%) though a slightly higher percentage of females gave a positive history of headache (75.3% vs. 70.8%). The mean duration of headache was found to be equal in both males and females (1.96±0.75 years and 1.96±0.68 years respectively) and the most common site of headache was similar in both genders as well i.e. complete headache (37.0% and 26.6% respectively). A majority of males reported their headache to be of moderate intensity whereas a majority of females reported it to be of severe intensity (53.7% and 41.4% respectively). An equal majority of both males and females gave a positive history of vertigo (55.0% and 55.9% respectively) and a majority of both genders reported it to be of mild intensity (60.4% and 65.0% respectively).An almost similar percentage of both males and females were found to have edema (40.5% and 43.0% respectively), a very high percentage of which was bilateral in both gender (84.6% and 80.4% respectively). The grading of bilateral edema of an almost similar percentage of both males and females was found to be severe (35.0% and 36.5% respectively). A higher percentage of males gave a positive history of chest pain (49.3% vs. 38.2%) though a higher percentage of females required a hospital visit for it to subside (16.4% vs. 5.4%). A higher percentage of females gave a positive history of vision problems (57.0% vs. 49.3%) though the most common type of vision problem was dark spots in field of vision in both males and females (47.9% and 45.0% respectively). A similar percentage of both males and females gave a positive history of dyspnea (53.0% and 52.7% respectively) and a majority of both genders reported it to be moderate in intensity (57.3% and 48.1% respectively). A very low percentage of both males and females gave a positive history of epistaxis (2.6% and 3.5% respectively). A slightly higher percentage of males reported an increase in urinary frequency (44.0% vs. 38.3%) though a majority of both males and females reported the change to be moderate (42.7% and 40.4% respectively). A slightly higher percentage of females gave a positive history of nausea (25.9% vs. 22.1%) whereas a slightly higher percentage of males gave a positive history of sleep apnea (34.2% vs. 32.0%). An almost similar percentage of both males and females gave a positive history of irregular heartbeat/ palpitation (38.3% and 37.0% respectively) though a higher percentage of females gave a positive history of both fatigue (74.8% vs. 70.3%) and confusion (66.7% vs. 60.6%) (Table 1).
For gender wise comparison, the study results revealed that the mean age of male patients was slightly higher than that of female patients (50.36±11.93 years vs. 46.74±12.93 years) and therefore a higher percentage of them was above 40 years of age (79.9% vs. 60.0%). An almost equal percentage of both males and females had systolic hypertension (68.0% and 65.9% respectively) though the percentage of diastolic hypertension was slightly higher in females (53.1% vs. 48.1%). Both males and females had similar mean systolic blood pressure (141.13±13.94 mm Hg and 141.67±15.35 mm Hg respectively) though the mean diastolic blood pressure was slightly higher in females (86.09±9.65 mm Hg vs. 84.43±10.71 mm Hg). Both males and females had similar mean duration of hypertension as well (4.86±5.39 years and 4.78±5.39 years respectively). A much higher percentage of males were smokers (18.2% vs. 1.4%) though a slightly higher percentage of females gave a positive history of headache (75.3% vs. 70.8%). The mean duration of headache was found to be equal in both males and females (1.96±0.75 years and 1.96±0.68 years respectively) and the most common site of headache was similar in both genders as well i.e. complete headache (37.0% and 26.6% respectively). A majority of males reported their headache to be of moderate intensity whereas a majority of females reported it to be of severe intensity (53.7% and 41.4% respectively). An equal majority of both males and females gave a positive history of vertigo (55.0% and 55.9% respectively) and a majority of both genders reported it to be of mild intensity (60.4% and 65.0% respectively).An almost similar percentage of both males and females were found to have edema (40.5% and 43.0% respectively), a very high percentage of which was bilateral in both gender (84.6% and 80.4% respectively). The grading of bilateral edema of an almost similar percentage of both males and females was found to be severe (35.0% and 36.5% respectively). A higher percentage of males gave a positive history of chest pain (49.3% vs. 38.2%) though a higher percentage of females required a hospital visit for it to subside (16.4% vs. 5.4%). A higher percentage of females gave a positive history of vision problems (57.0% vs. 49.3%) though the most common type of vision problem was dark spots in field of vision in both males and females (47.9% and 45.0% respectively). A similar percentage of both males and females gave a positive history of dyspnea (53.0% and 52.7% respectively) and a majority of both genders reported it to be moderate in intensity (57.3% and 48.1% respectively). A very low percentage of both males and females gave a positive history of epistaxis (2.6% and 3.5% respectively). A slightly higher percentage of males reported an increase in urinary frequency (44.0% vs. 38.3%) though a majority of both males and females reported the change to be moderate (42.7% and 40.4% respectively). A slightly higher percentage of females gave a positive history of nausea (25.9% vs. 22.1%) whereas a slightly higher percentage of males gave a positive history of sleep apnea (34.2% vs. 32.0%). An almost similar percentage of both males and females gave a positive history of irregular heartbeat/ palpitation (38.3% and 37.0% respectively) though a higher percentage of females gave a positive history of both fatigue (74.8% vs. 70.3%) and confusion (66.7% vs. 60.6%) (Table 1).
Table 1: Descriptive Analysis: Gender wise comparison
Variables |
Males (n=156) |
Females (n=147) |
|
Frequency(%)/ Mean ± S.D. |
Frequency(%)/ Mean ± S.D. |
||
Age (Years) |
50.36 ± 11.93 |
46.74 ± 12.93 |
|
Age Group |
≤ 40 Years |
31(20.1) |
58(40.0) |
> 40 Years |
123(79.9) |
87(60.0) |
|
Systolic Blood Pressure |
Normotensive/ Prehypertensive |
50(32.0) |
50(34.1) |
Stage 1/Stage 2 Hypertensive |
106(68.0) |
97(65.9) |
|
Diastolic Blood Pressure |
Normotensive/ Prehypertensive |
81(51.9) |
69(46.9) |
Stage 1/Stage 2 Hypertensive |
75(48.1) |
78(53.1) |
|
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) |
141.13 ± 13.94 |
141.67 ± 15.35 |
|
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) |
84.43 ± 10.71 |
86.09 ± 9.65 |
|
Hypertension Duration (Years) |
4.86 ± 5.39 |
4.78 ± 5.39 |
|
Smoking |
Yes |
28(18.2) |
2(1.4) |
No |
126(81.8) |
142(98.6) |
|
Headache |
Yes |
109(70.8) |
110(75.3) |
No |
45(29.2) |
36(24.7) |
|
Headache Duration (Years) |
1.96 ± 0.75 |
1.96 ± 0.68 |
|
Site of Headache |
Temporal |
5(4.6) |
18(16.5) |
Parietal |
17(15.7) |
12(11.0) |
|
Occipital |
27(25.0) |
24(22.0) |
|
Frontal |
19(17.6) |
26(23.9) |
|
Complete |
40(37.0) |
29(26.6) |
|
Intensity of Headache |
Mild |
25(23.1) |
28(25.3) |
Moderate |
58(53.7) |
37(33.3) |
|
Severe |
25(23.1) |
46(41.4) |
|
Vertigo |
Yes |
83(55.0) |
80(55.9) |
No |
68(45.0) |
63(44.1) |
|
Intensity of Vertigo |
Mild |
52(60.4) |
52(65.0) |
Moderate |
28(32.6) |
22(27.5) |
|
Severe |
6(7.0) |
6(7.5) |
|
Edema |
Yes |
60(40.5) |
58(43.0) |
No |
88(59.5) |
77(57.0) |
|
Laterality of Edema |
Bilateral |
44(84.6) |
45(80.4) |
Unilateral |
8(15.4) |
11(19.6) |
|
Grading of Bilateral Edema |
Mild |
16(26.7) |
10(15.9) |
Moderate |
23(38.3) |
30(47.6) |
|
Severe |
21(35.0) |
23(36.5) |
|
Chest Pain |
Yes |
75(49.3) |
55(38.2) |
No |
77(50.7) |
89(61.8) |
|
Severity of Chest Pain |
Improves with rest |
29(39.2) |
23(41.8) |
Needs pain relieving medication |
41(55.4) |
23(41.8) |
|
Requires hospital visit |
4(5.4) |
9(16.4) |
|
Vision Problems |
Yes |
75(49.3) |
81(57.0) |
No |
77(50.7) |
61(43.0) |
|
Type of Vision Problem |
Loss of central vision |
7(9.6) |
5(6.3) |
Loss of peripheral vision |
14(19.2) |
20(25.0) |
|
Dark spots in field of vision |
35(47.9) |
36(45.0) |
|
Pain in eyes |
17(23.3) |
19(23.8) |
|
Dyspnea |
Yes |
80(53.0) |
77(52.7) |
No |
71(47.0) |
69(47.3) |
|
Intensity of Dyspnea |
Mild |
14(17.1) |
13(16.8) |
Moderate |
47(57.3) |
37(48.1) |
|
Severe |
21(25.6) |
27(35.1) |
|
Epistaxis |
Yes |
4(2.6) |
5(3.5) |
No |
148(97.4) |
139(96.5) |
|
Increased Urinary Frequency |
Yes |
66(44.0) |
54(38.3) |
No |
84(56.0) |
87(61.7) |
|
Change in Urinary Frequency |
Mild |
25(33.3) |
17(29.8) |
Moderate |
32(42.7) |
23(40.4) |
|
Severe |
18(24.0) |
17(29.8) |
|
Nausea |
Yes |
34(22.1) |
38(25.9) |
No |
120(77.9) |
109(74.1) |
|
Sleep Apnea |
Yes |
53(34.2) |
47(32.0) |
No |
102(65.8) |
100(68.0) |
|
Irregular Heartbeat/Palpitation |
Yes |
59(38.3) |
54(37.0) |
No |
95(61.7) |
92(63.0) |
|
Fatigue |
Yes |
109(70.3) |
110(74.8) |
No |
46(29.7) |
37(25.2) |
|
Confusion |
Yes |
94(60.6) |
98(66.7) |
No |
61(39.4) |
49(33.3) |
|
For age wise comparison, the study results revealed that
a higher percentage of patients in >40 years age group were
males (58.6% vs. 34.8%). A higher percentage of >40 years old
patients had systolic hypertension (72.4% vs. 52.8%) though the
percentage of diastolic hypertension was equal in both ≤40 years
and >40 years age groups (49.5% and 50.0% respectively). Both
the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were higher in
>40 years age group (142.85±14.44 mm Hg vs. 137.69±14.70 mm
Hg and 85.46±10.57 mm Hg vs. 84.36±9.47 mm Hg respectively).
The mean duration of hypertension was higher in >40 years age
group as well (5.66±5.78 years vs.2.85±3.74 years). A higher
percentage of >40 years old patients were smokers (12.0% vs.
4.7%) where as a higher percentage of ≤40 years old patients
gave a positive history of headache (80.7% vs. 69.4%). The mean
duration of headache was found to be higher in >40 years old
patients(2.01±0.74 years vs. 1.87±0.64 years) whereas the most
common sites of headache were occipital and complete in both
≤40 years (27.5% each) and >40 years age groups (19.4% and
34.7% respectively).A majority of patients in both ≤40 years and
>40 years age groups reported their headache to be of moderate
intensity (35.7% and 46.9% respectively). A higher percentage of
patients in >40 years age group gave a positive history of vertigo
(59.3% vs. 47.7%) whereas a majority of patients in both ≤40
years and >40 years age groups reported it to be of mild intensity
(66.7% and 61.8% respectively). An almost similar percentage
of both≤40 years and >40 years old patients were found to have
edema (40.2% and 42.6% respectively), a very high percentage
of which was bilateral in both age groups (76.7% and 84.6%
respectively). The grading of bilateral edema of a majority of both
≤40 years and >40 years age groups was found to be moderate
(45.7% and 41.4% respectively). A higher percentage of >40
years old patients gave a positive history of chest pain (49.3%
vs. 32.2%) though a higher percentage of ≤40 years old patients
required a hospital visit for it to subside (22.2% vs. 6.9%). A
higher percentage of >40 years old patients gave a positive
history of vision problems (57.4% vs. 44.2%) though the most
common type of vision problem was dark spots in field of vision
in both ≤40 years and >40 years age groups (46.2% and 46.0%
respectively). A higher percentage of >40 years old patients gave
a positive history of dyspnea (57.4% vs. 43.8%) though a majority
of patients in both ≤40 years and >40 years age groups reported
it to be moderate in intensity (48.8% and 53.8% respectively).A
very low percentage of both ≤40 years and >40 years old patients
gave a positive history of epistaxis (2.4% and 3.4% respectively).
A higher percentage of patients in >40 years age group reported
an increase in urinary frequency (45.5% vs. 30.6%) though
a majority of patients in both ≤40 years and >40 years age
groups reported the change to be moderate (36.7% and 44.0%
respectively). A higher percentage of patients in >40 years age
group gave a positive history of nausea (25.4% vs. 20.5%), sleep
apnea (38.6% vs. 20.5%), irregular heartbeat/palpitation (39.9%
vs. 33.0%), fatigue (74.8% vs. 67.0%) and confusion (68.6% vs.
52.3%) (Table 2).
Table 2: Descriptive Analysis: Age wise comparison
Variables |
≤ 40 Years (n=89) |
>40 Years (n=210) |
|
Frequency(%)/ Mean ± S.D. |
Frequency(%)/ Mean ± S.D. |
||
Gender |
Male |
31(34.8) |
123(58.6) |
Female |
58(65.2) |
87(41.4) |
|
Systolic Blood Pressure |
Normotensive/ Prehypertensive |
42(47.2) |
58(27.6) |
Stage 1/Stage 2 Hypertensive |
47(52.8) |
152(72.4) |
|
Diastolic Blood Pressure |
Normotensive/ Prehypertensive |
45(50.5) |
105(50.0) |
Stage 1/Stage 2 Hypertensive |
44(49.5) |
105(50.0) |
|
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) |
137.69 ± 14.70 |
142.85 ± 14.44 |
|
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) |
84.36 ± 9.47 |
85.46 ± 10.57 |
|
Hypertension Duration (Years) |
2.85 ± 3.74 |
5.66 ± 5.78 |
|
Smoking |
Yes |
4(4.7) |
25(12.0) |
No |
82(95.3) |
183(88.0) |
|
Headache |
Yes |
71(80.7) |
145(69.4) |
No |
17(19.3) |
64(30.6) |
|
Headache Duration (Years) |
1.87 ± 0.64 |
2.01 ± 0.74 |
|
Site of Headache |
Temporal |
7(10.1) |
16(11.1) |
Parietal |
6(8.8) |
23(16.0) |
|
Occipital |
19(27.5) |
28(19.4) |
|
Frontal |
18(26.1) |
27(18.8) |
|
Complete |
19(27.5) |
50(34.7) |
|
Intensity of Headache |
Mild |
23(32.9) |
30(20.7) |
Moderate |
25(35.7) |
68(46.9) |
|
Severe |
22(31.4) |
47(32.4) |
|
Vertigo |
Yes |
41(47.7) |
121(59.3) |
No |
45(52.3) |
83(40.7) |
|
Intensity of Vertigo |
Mild |
28(66.7) |
76(61.8) |
Moderate |
12(28.6) |
38(30.9) |
|
Severe |
2(4.8) |
9(7.3) |
|
Edema |
Yes |
33(40.2) |
84(42.6) |
No |
49(59.8) |
113(57.4) |
|
Laterality of Edema |
Bilateral |
23(76.7) |
66(84.6) |
Unilateral |
7(23.3) |
12(15.4) |
|
Grading of Bilateral Edema |
Mild |
6(17.1) |
20(23.0) |
Moderate |
16(45.7) |
36(41.4) |
|
Severe |
13(37.1) |
31(35.6) |
|
Chest Pain |
Yes |
28(32.2) |
101(49.3) |
No |
59(67.8) |
104(50.7) |
|
Severity of Chest Pain |
Improves with rest |
13(48.2) |
39(38.6) |
Needs pain relieving medication |
8(29.6) |
55(54.5) |
|
Requires hospital visit |
6(22.2) |
7(6.9) |
|
Vision Problems |
Yes |
38(44.2) |
117(57.4) |
No |
48(55.8) |
87(42.6) |
|
Type of Vision Problem |
Loss of central vision |
1(2.5) |
11(9.7) |
Loss of peripheral vision |
11(28.2) |
23(20.4) |
|
Dark spots in field of vision |
18(46.2) |
52(46.0) |
|
Pain in eyes |
9(23.1) |
27(23.9) |
|
Dyspnea |
Yes |
39(43.8) |
117(57.4) |
No |
50(56.2) |
87(42.6) |
|
Intensity of Dyspnea |
Mild |
9(22.0) |
18(15.4) |
Moderate |
20(48.8) |
63(53.8) |
|
Severe |
12(29.2) |
36(30.8) |
|
Epistaxis |
Yes |
2(2.4) |
7(3.4) |
No |
83(97.6) |
200(96.6) |
|
Increased Urinary Frequency |
Yes |
26(30.6) |
92(45.5) |
No |
59(69.4) |
110(54.5) |
|
Change in Urinary Frequency |
Mild |
10(33.3) |
32(32.0) |
Moderate |
11(36.7) |
44(44.0) |
|
Severe |
9(30.0) |
24(24.0) |
|
Nausea |
Yes |
18(20.5) |
53(25.4) |
No |
70(79.5) |
156(74.6) |
|
Sleep Apnea |
Yes |
18(20.5) |
81(38.6) |
No |
70(79.5) |
129(61.4) |
|
Irregular Heartbeat/Palpitation |
Yes |
29(33.0) |
83(39.9) |
No |
59(67.0) |
125(60.1) |
|
Fatigue |
Yes |
59(67.0) |
157(74.8) |
No |
29(33.0) |
53(25.2) |
|
Confusion |
Yes |
46(52.3) |
144(68.6) |
No |
42(47.7) |
66(31.4) |
|
Discussion
The study results revealed that a much higher percentage of
males were smokers though the most common site of headache
was similar in both genders i.e. complete headache. A majority
of males reported their headache to be of moderate intensity
whereas a majority of females reported it to be of severe intensity.
A higher percentage of males gave a positive history of chest pain
though a higher percentage of females required a hospital visit
for it to subside. A higher percentage of females gave a positive
history of vision problems though the most common type of
vision problem was dark spots in field of vision in both genders.
A higher percentage of females gave a positive history of both
fatigue and confusion.
The study results further revealed that a higher percentage of >40 years old patients were smokers whereas a higher percentage of ≤40 years old patients gave a positive history of headache. The mean duration of headache was found to be higher in >40 years old patients though the most common sites of headache were occipital and complete in both age groups. A higher percentage of patients in >40 years age group gave a positive history of vertigo and chest pain though a higher percentage of ≤40 years old patients required a hospital visit for their chest pain to subside. A higher percentage of >40 years old patients gave a positive history of vision problems though the most common type of vision problem was dark spots in field of vision in both age groups. A higher percentage of >40 years old patients gave a positive history of dyspnea and reported an increase in urinary frequency. A higher percentage of patients in >40 years age group gave a positive history of nausea, sleep apnea, irregular heartbeat/palpitation, fatigue and confusion as well.
The study results revealed that both males and females had almost equal levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressures, though Dustan HP in 1996 reported males to have higher blood pressure levels than females, albeit slightly. [11] Likewise, Daugherty SL et al., in 2011 also reported males to have lower rates of hypertension control than females. [12] This difference in findings could be a result of several factors, such as gender specific age structure and compliance rate of the populations in question. The study results further revealed that the patients in >40 years age group had higher levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressures, a finding well in line with published literature as Jo I et al., in 2001 also reported age to be associated with prevalence of hypertension. [13]
Moreover, a very high percentage of study participants gave a positive history of headache, irrespective of their gender or age. Similarly, D Tullio M et al., in 1988 also reported headache to be more prevalent in hypertensive than normotensive subjects. [14] Literature though reveals contrary findings as well as reported by Fuchs FD et al., in 2003 and Sherif SM et al., in 2012. [15,16] This difference in findings could well be attributed to different methodologies of the studies in question.
The study results further showed that vision problems were more prevalent among patients who were female or of older age in the study. Sherif SM et al., in 2012 did not report visual disturbances to be associated with hypertension, though without consideration for the gender or age of the study participants. [16] Furthermore, a higher percentage of >40 years old patients gave a positive history of dyspnea in the study. Karras DJ et al., in 2005 reported dyspnea to be associated with elevated blood pressure though irrespective of the age of the study participants. [17] Due to dearth of pertinent published literature, a meaningful comparison could not be made for the study findings mentioned above.
Moreover, a very low percentage of study participants gave a positive history of epistaxis, irrespective of their gender or age. Likewise, D Tullio M et al., in 1988 also did not find epistaxis to be associated with hypertension. [14] Furthermore, a very high percentage of study participants gave a positive history of fatigue, again irrespective of their gender or age. Unlike the study results though, D Tullio M et al., in 1988 did not report weakness to be associated with hypertension. [14] Due to lack of relevant published data, a comparison of the rest of study findings could not be made with the previous literature.
The study results further revealed that a higher percentage of >40 years old patients were smokers whereas a higher percentage of ≤40 years old patients gave a positive history of headache. The mean duration of headache was found to be higher in >40 years old patients though the most common sites of headache were occipital and complete in both age groups. A higher percentage of patients in >40 years age group gave a positive history of vertigo and chest pain though a higher percentage of ≤40 years old patients required a hospital visit for their chest pain to subside. A higher percentage of >40 years old patients gave a positive history of vision problems though the most common type of vision problem was dark spots in field of vision in both age groups. A higher percentage of >40 years old patients gave a positive history of dyspnea and reported an increase in urinary frequency. A higher percentage of patients in >40 years age group gave a positive history of nausea, sleep apnea, irregular heartbeat/palpitation, fatigue and confusion as well.
The study results revealed that both males and females had almost equal levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressures, though Dustan HP in 1996 reported males to have higher blood pressure levels than females, albeit slightly. [11] Likewise, Daugherty SL et al., in 2011 also reported males to have lower rates of hypertension control than females. [12] This difference in findings could be a result of several factors, such as gender specific age structure and compliance rate of the populations in question. The study results further revealed that the patients in >40 years age group had higher levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressures, a finding well in line with published literature as Jo I et al., in 2001 also reported age to be associated with prevalence of hypertension. [13]
Moreover, a very high percentage of study participants gave a positive history of headache, irrespective of their gender or age. Similarly, D Tullio M et al., in 1988 also reported headache to be more prevalent in hypertensive than normotensive subjects. [14] Literature though reveals contrary findings as well as reported by Fuchs FD et al., in 2003 and Sherif SM et al., in 2012. [15,16] This difference in findings could well be attributed to different methodologies of the studies in question.
The study results further showed that vision problems were more prevalent among patients who were female or of older age in the study. Sherif SM et al., in 2012 did not report visual disturbances to be associated with hypertension, though without consideration for the gender or age of the study participants. [16] Furthermore, a higher percentage of >40 years old patients gave a positive history of dyspnea in the study. Karras DJ et al., in 2005 reported dyspnea to be associated with elevated blood pressure though irrespective of the age of the study participants. [17] Due to dearth of pertinent published literature, a meaningful comparison could not be made for the study findings mentioned above.
Moreover, a very low percentage of study participants gave a positive history of epistaxis, irrespective of their gender or age. Likewise, D Tullio M et al., in 1988 also did not find epistaxis to be associated with hypertension. [14] Furthermore, a very high percentage of study participants gave a positive history of fatigue, again irrespective of their gender or age. Unlike the study results though, D Tullio M et al., in 1988 did not report weakness to be associated with hypertension. [14] Due to lack of relevant published data, a comparison of the rest of study findings could not be made with the previous literature.
Limitation and Recommendation
It is acknowledged that being a cross-sectional study, recall
bias may have affected the study results. Because of their
potential to effect the clinical manifestation of hypertension,
further evaluation of the role of gender and age in hypertension
screening and management is recommended.
Conclusion
The study results revealed that the prevalence of smoking,
chest pain, vision problems, fatigue and confusion were different
between both genders. Furthermore, the prevalence of smoking,
headache, vertigo, chest pain, vision problems, dyspnea, increased
urinary frequency, nausea, sleep apnea, irregular heartbeat/
palpitation, fatigue and confusion were different between both
age groups.
Conflict of Interests
The authors report no conflict of interests.
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