Research Article
Open Access
Job Satisfaction and Associated Factors among
Nurses Working In the Operation Theater at
Government Hospitals of Eastern Ethiopia, 2017
Admasu BG1*, Abdela AD1, Temamen TY2 and Dagmawit BK2
1Jimma University Institute of Health School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ethiopia
2Arsi Zonal Health Office, Ethiopia
2Arsi Zonal Health Office, Ethiopia
*Corresponding author: Admasu Belay Gizaw, Jimma University Institute of Health School of Nursing and Midwifery, P.O.BOX: 378, Ethiopia.
Tel: 251-925270512, 251471111458/60; Fax: 0471-11-14-50; E-mail:
@
Received: May 18, 2018; Accepted: June 01, 2018; Published: June 18, 2018
Citation: Admasu BG, Temamen TY, Dagmawit BK, Abdela AD (2018) Job Satisfaction and Associated Factors among Nurses Working In the Operation Theater at Government Hospitals of Eastern Ethiopia, 2017. Palliat Med Care 5(2): 1-7.
DOI: 10.15226/2374-8362/5/2/00157
AbstractTop
Background: Job satisfaction is an essential part of nurses‘lives,
influencing patient safety, productivity, performance, quality of care,
retention, commitment to the organization and the profession. The
aim of this study is to assess the level of job satisfaction and associated
factors among nurses working in the operating theatre.
Method: Institutional based cross-sectional study design was conducted and Simple random sampling method was used to obtain the study participants. Data was collected using a structured selfadministered questionnaire, entered in to EPI data version 3.1and analyzed using SPSS version20. Associations for statistical significance were assessed using the ‘chi square’ test of association. P-values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.
Results: The overall level of job satisfaction among nurses who work in operation theater was 48% room from the total participant 8(8.16%) of the respondents were satisfied 39 (39.8%) moderately satisfied whereas the rest 52% was dissatisfied. Type hospital was the only variable that is significantly associated with job satisfaction.
Conclusion: The overall level of job satisfaction among nurses work in operation theater room was low Accordingly, working at operating room, type hospital were significantly associated with satisfaction of nurses working in the operating room.
Key words: Operating room; Job satisfaction
Method: Institutional based cross-sectional study design was conducted and Simple random sampling method was used to obtain the study participants. Data was collected using a structured selfadministered questionnaire, entered in to EPI data version 3.1and analyzed using SPSS version20. Associations for statistical significance were assessed using the ‘chi square’ test of association. P-values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.
Results: The overall level of job satisfaction among nurses who work in operation theater was 48% room from the total participant 8(8.16%) of the respondents were satisfied 39 (39.8%) moderately satisfied whereas the rest 52% was dissatisfied. Type hospital was the only variable that is significantly associated with job satisfaction.
Conclusion: The overall level of job satisfaction among nurses work in operation theater room was low Accordingly, working at operating room, type hospital were significantly associated with satisfaction of nurses working in the operating room.
Key words: Operating room; Job satisfaction
Introduction
The term Job satisfaction is refers to attitude, feeling and
beliefs that people have about their work. Positive and favorable
attitude towards the job indicate job satisfaction. It is defined
by how employees feel about their jobs and different aspects
of their jobs. It is one of the important variables in work and
organizational psychology, used to determine the quality of
health-care systems. Negative and unfavorable attitudes towards
the job indicate job dissatisfaction [1, 23].
It is the degree to which employees have positive effective orientation towards employment by an organization. Job satisfaction has been conceptualized both globally (general satisfaction with job) and dimensionally (satisfaction with specific dimension of job such as remuneration, promotion and relation with colleagues). Job satisfaction has been linked to health worker motivation, stress burnout, absenteeism, intention to leave, and turnover [2]. Many studies have shown that job satisfaction can be influenced by a wide variety of factors such as Salary, working environment, opportunities for personal and professional development, manageable workload, effective supervision, recognition, perceptible progress of patient care outcome, positive relationships with co-workers, autonomy, and contingent rewards [4-6].
Professional nurses play a vital role it the provision of health care globally in emergence department .The performance of heath care worker, including professional nurse , link closely to productivity and quality of care provision with health care organization. It was important to identify factors influencing the performance of professional nurse if the quality of health care delivery was too improved [17]. Different study at different parts of the world point out the importance of job satisfaction to an organization, profession, professionals and care consumers [18- 22]. The shortage of nurses and job dissatisfaction is a worldwide phenomenon including Ethiopia. Identifying satisfaction level and associated factors among nurses working in the operating theatre enable interventional measures are taken to improve the retention rate; it will improve nurse’s work performance leading to better quality care to patient [19]. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the level of job satisfaction and associated factors among nurses working in the operating theatre at government hospitals.
It is the degree to which employees have positive effective orientation towards employment by an organization. Job satisfaction has been conceptualized both globally (general satisfaction with job) and dimensionally (satisfaction with specific dimension of job such as remuneration, promotion and relation with colleagues). Job satisfaction has been linked to health worker motivation, stress burnout, absenteeism, intention to leave, and turnover [2]. Many studies have shown that job satisfaction can be influenced by a wide variety of factors such as Salary, working environment, opportunities for personal and professional development, manageable workload, effective supervision, recognition, perceptible progress of patient care outcome, positive relationships with co-workers, autonomy, and contingent rewards [4-6].
Professional nurses play a vital role it the provision of health care globally in emergence department .The performance of heath care worker, including professional nurse , link closely to productivity and quality of care provision with health care organization. It was important to identify factors influencing the performance of professional nurse if the quality of health care delivery was too improved [17]. Different study at different parts of the world point out the importance of job satisfaction to an organization, profession, professionals and care consumers [18- 22]. The shortage of nurses and job dissatisfaction is a worldwide phenomenon including Ethiopia. Identifying satisfaction level and associated factors among nurses working in the operating theatre enable interventional measures are taken to improve the retention rate; it will improve nurse’s work performance leading to better quality care to patient [19]. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the level of job satisfaction and associated factors among nurses working in the operating theatre at government hospitals.
Method and Materials
Study Area and Period
The study was conducted in governmental hospitals Found in
East Arsi Oromia Regional state. Oromia region is one of the nine
regional states of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE)
and East Arsi is one of the 20 zone of Oromia Regional State .
Assella is the capital city of the zone and it’s found at distance of
171 km from to the East of Addis Ababa, capital city of Ethiopia.
There are 6 government hospital in the zone which includes;
Assella teaching,Abomsa hospital, Arsi Robe hospitals, Bokoji
hospitals, Bale hospital and Karsa hospitals from December 1,
2016 to June 30, 2017.
Study Design
Institution based cross-sectional study design was conducted.
Sample Size Determination
All nurses working in the operating theatre and willing to
participate in the study at each Hospital was included.
Data Collection Tool and Procedure
A structured self-administered questionnaire was used to
collect data. The questionnaires comprised of three main parts;
socio demography, job satisfaction and response. Job satisfaction
partly consisted of 20items. For each factor, a respondent can
choose from a six-point Likert scale which representing various
degrees of satisfaction: 1-very dissatisfied, 2-dissatisfied,
3-somewhat dissatisfied, 4-somewhat satisfied, 5-satisfied, and
6-very satisfied.
Data quality assurance
To ensure validity of the instrument, the questionnaire was
submitted to the supervisor for comment regarding the relevance
of each item, pre-testing of the questionnaire was done on twenty
of the sample size outside of the study area, possible amendments
were made. Training was given for the data collectors. During the
data collection, supervision was done by principal investigator.
Data cleaning up and cross-checking will be done before data
processing and analysis.
Data Processing, Analysis and Interpretation
Data was checked for completeness and accuracy, sorted,
categorized and summarized. Then collected data will be
analyzed SPSS version 20. Descriptive Statistics and chi square
test was done to describe study variables and identify associated
factors. Associations between socio-demographic characteristics
and job satisfaction, as well as comparison of overall level of job
satisfaction with each factors of satisfaction were assessed for
statistical significance using the chi square test. P-values less than
or equal to 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
The level of job satisfaction was interpreted using a mean score for each factor. Accordingly, the mean score of four and above was taken as being satisfied for each factor while the mean score of below four was classified as being dissatisfied. The overall levels of job satisfaction among nurses work in operation room was classified as being dissatisfied if the sum of the scores for the different factors is between 20-60, while 61-80 is moderate and 81–120 is satisfied.
The level of job satisfaction was interpreted using a mean score for each factor. Accordingly, the mean score of four and above was taken as being satisfied for each factor while the mean score of below four was classified as being dissatisfied. The overall levels of job satisfaction among nurses work in operation room was classified as being dissatisfied if the sum of the scores for the different factors is between 20-60, while 61-80 is moderate and 81–120 is satisfied.
Ethical Consideration
A letter of support and permission was obtained from
the ethical review board of the Jimma University institutes of
health science, school of nursing and midwifery. The advantage
and purpose of the study was explained to the participants.
For confidentiality Verbal consent was taken from the study
participants.
Operational About Level of Satisfaction
Satisfied: If overall score for job satisfaction Score is81-120 [33]
Moderate satisfied: If overall score for job satisfaction Score is 61-80 [33]
Dissatisfied: If overall score for job satisfaction Score is below 60 [33]
Moderate satisfied: If overall score for job satisfaction Score is 61-80 [33]
Dissatisfied: If overall score for job satisfaction Score is below 60 [33]
Results
Socio-Demographic-Characteristics
A total of 98 nurses work in operation theater room have
responded for the self-administered questionnaire. Out of 98
respondents who were included in this study, 42.85 % are male
and 57.1 % are female. The majority of respondents are between
the ages 31 - 40 years (55.1%), 29.6% of them are below the age
of 30 years. More than half (58.2 %) of the respondents were
married. Regarding the work experience the greatest number of
employees have service year between 1-5 years (69.4%). With
regard to educational qualification, 56.1 % of the participants
were in possession of diploma while 43.9 % had BSC degree.
(Table 1)
Table 1: Socio demographic characteristics of nurses work in operational
theater room at government hospitals in East Arsi and East Shewa, June
1, 2017.
Socio Demographic Variables |
No |
Percent (%) |
|
Gender |
Male |
42 |
42.85 |
Female |
56 |
57.14 |
|
Age in Years |
≤ 30 |
29 |
29.6 |
31 - 40 |
54 |
55.1 |
|
≥ 41 |
15 |
15.3 |
|
Marital status |
Single |
38 |
38.8 |
Married |
57 |
58.2 |
|
Working experience in years |
<1 |
7 |
7.1 |
5-Jan |
68 |
69.4 |
|
10-Jun |
20 |
20.4 |
|
>10 |
3 |
3.1 |
|
Educational qualification |
Diploma |
55 |
56.1 |
BSC |
43 |
43.9 |
|
Part time Job |
Yes |
6 |
6.1 |
No |
92 |
93.9 |
|
Working hours per week |
≤ 50 hrs |
19 |
19.4 |
51-60 hrs |
35 |
35.7 |
|
61-70 hrs |
28 |
28.6 |
|
71-80 hrs |
13 |
13.3 |
|
>81hrs |
3 |
3.1 |
|
Type of hospital |
Teaching |
27 |
27.6 |
General |
13 |
13.3 |
|
District |
58 |
59.2 |
|
Overall mean for job satisfaction among various factors.
Overall mean for job satisfaction among various conditions
revealed that the nurse work in operation room were satisfied
with five factors, satisfaction in helping others 4.46(0.943), Status
as a healthcare professional 4.06 (1.291), providing good quality
of patient care 4.06(1.120), the recognition they get for good
work 3.98 (1.065), and Patient outcome 3.95 (1.170) (table 2).
According to the mean score of each the nurses work in operation
room were dissatisfied with the remaining fifteen factors. The
highest level of dissatisfaction was reported for Opportunity for
training or education 1.36 (0.503). This was followed by house
allowance1.53 (0.749), hazard allowance for nurse, 1.93 (0.259)
the availability of resource and supplies 2.17 (0.800), feeling
about job itself 2.85 (1.319) Salary (3.20±1.535) respectively.
(Table 2)
Table 2: Job satisfaction for each factor of nurses who working in operation
room at government hospitals in East Arsi and East Shewa,
June 1, 2017.
Factors of Satisfaction |
Overall Mean + SD |
The availability of resource and supplies |
2.17±0.800 |
Helping others |
4.46±0.943 |
Surgeons’ attitudes towards Nurses working in the operating theatre |
3.65±1.500 |
Public awareness about the role of OR Nurse |
3.31±1.16 |
Opportunities for advancement |
3.84±1.571 |
Opportunity for training or education |
1.36±0.503 |
Salary |
3.20±1.535 |
Workload |
3.95±1.179 |
Providing Quality patient care |
4.06±1.120 |
Patient care outcome |
3.95±1.170 |
The amount of responsibilities given as a nurse working in operating theatre |
3.94±1.208 |
Physical working place conditions |
4.18±1.263 |
The assistance you have in the operating room |
3.70±1.057 |
The freedom to choose your own method of working |
3.77±1.110 |
Your status as a healthcare professional |
4.06±1.291 |
The recognition you get for good work |
3.98±1.065 |
Remunerations |
3.24±1.104 |
Hazard allowance for nurse in OR |
1.93±.259 |
Your feelings about job itself |
2.85±1.319 |
Overall Level of Job Satisfaction and Associated Factors
As it is shown on figure above the overall level of job
satisfaction among nurses work in operation theater room from
the total participant 8(8.16%) of the respondents were satisfied
39 (39.8%) moderately satisfied while the remaining 51 (52%)
were dissatisfied (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Overall level of job satisfaction of nurses working at government
hospitals in East Arsi and East Shewa, June 1, 2017
Finding of the study showed that females are more dissatisfied
27 (52.9%) than males highest dissatisfaction rate was in the age
group between 31-40 24(47.1%). Married respondents were
more dissatisfied 30 (58.8%) than single 21 (41.2%). Most of the
respondents at the educational level of Bsc were dissatisfied 32
(60.8%). Respondents working in district hospital were more
dissatisfied than those working at teaching hospital. Chi square
test showed job satisfaction and type hospital were significantly
associated with satisfaction of nurses working in the operating
room (p=0.04). (Table 3)
Comparison of Factors Associated With Job Satisfaction
Table 4; shows the chi-square analysis results of factors
associated with job satisfaction. The results showed that
satisfaction in helping others, providing good quality of patient
care, Physical working, place conditions, Patient outcome, were
significantly associated with job satisfaction. Almost (87.7%) of
respondents were highly satisfied with helping others, at p value
.000. Almost more than three-quarters (76.5%) of participants
were significantly satisfied with their providing good quality of
patient care. The results also indicated that respondents were
significantly satisfied with the freedom to choose method of
working, public awareness about the role of operation room
nurse and providing good quality of patient care at p value .001.
(Table 4)
Discussion
The finding of this study indicated that the overall level of job
satisfaction among nurses work in operation theater; 8(8.16%) of
the respondents were satisfied 39 (39.8%) moderately satisfied
while the remaining 51 (52%) were dissatisfied. The finding
revealed that house allowance, hazard allowance, the availability
of resource and supplies, Opportunity for training or education,
feeling about job itself and inadequate salary have a significantly
influence the level of job satisfaction. In this study, majority of the
respondents (52%) were dissatisfied with their job. This findings
were consistent with finding of study done in Pakistan, were 59%
of participants dissatisfied with their jobs [40].
Table 3: Association between socio demographic variables and overall job satisfaction of nurses working at government hospitals in East Arsi and East Shewa, Oromia regional state, June 1, 2017
Characteristics |
Level of satisfaction |
P-value |
df |
||
Satisfied |
Dissatisfied |
||||
Sex |
Male |
18 |
24 |
0.381 |
1 |
Female |
29 |
27 |
|||
Age |
≤ 30 |
9 |
20 |
0.093 |
2 |
31 – 40 |
30 |
24 |
|||
≥ 41 |
8 |
7 |
|||
Marital status |
Single |
19 |
21 |
0.94 |
1 |
Married |
28 |
30 |
|||
work experience (years ) |
<1 |
3 |
4 |
0.649 |
3 |
5-Jan |
31 |
37 |
|||
10-Jun |
12 |
8 |
|||
>10 |
1 |
2 |
|||
Educational qualification |
Diploma |
28 |
20 |
0.128 |
1 |
Bsc |
19 |
31 |
|||
Part time Job |
Yes |
2 |
4 |
0.459 |
1 |
No |
45 |
47 |
|||
working hours per week |
≤ 50 |
5 |
14 |
0.09 |
4 |
51-60 |
20 |
15 |
|||
61-70 |
15 |
13 |
|||
71-80 |
7 |
6 |
|||
>81 |
0 |
3 |
|||
Type of hospital |
Teaching |
14 |
13 |
0.041* |
2 |
General |
2 |
11 |
|||
District |
31 |
27 |
|||
* Significant variable, df =Degree of freedom
Table 4: Shows the chi-square analysis results of factors associated with job satisfaction among Nurses working at government hospitals in East Arsi and East Shewa, Oromia regional state, June 1, 2017
Job characteristic |
Overall Level of satisfaction |
P –value |
df |
|
Satisfied |
Dissatisfied |
|||
The availability of resource and supplies |
4 |
43 |
0.614 |
2 |
3 |
48 |
|||
Helping others |
47 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
12 |
39 |
|||
Surgeons’ attitudes towards OR Nurse |
37 |
10 |
0.013 |
4 |
28 |
23 |
|||
Public awareness about the role of OR Nurse |
33 |
14 |
0 |
5 |
15 |
36 |
|||
Opportunities for advancement |
30 |
17 |
0.14 |
5 |
25 |
26 |
|||
Opportunity for training or education |
3 |
44 |
0.357 |
5 |
6 |
45 |
|||
Salary |
27 |
20 |
0.017 |
4 |
17 |
34 |
|||
Total working hours |
36 |
11 |
0.061 |
5 |
30 |
21 |
|||
Providing good quality of patient care |
43 |
4 |
0.001 |
5 |
32 |
19 |
|||
Patient outcome |
40 |
7 |
0.004 |
5 |
30 |
21 |
|||
The amount of responsibilities you are given |
41 |
6 |
0 |
5 |
28 |
23 |
|||
Physical working place conditions |
38 |
9 |
0.003 |
5 |
27 |
24 |
|||
The assistance you have in operating room |
36 |
11 |
0.024 |
4 |
28 |
23 |
|||
The freedom to choose your own method of working |
39 |
8 |
0 |
5 |
25 |
26 |
|||
Your status as a healthcare professional |
37 |
10 |
0.034 |
5 |
30 |
21 |
|||
The recognition you get for good work |
41 |
6 |
0.01 |
5 |
33 |
18 |
|||
Remunerations for personal protective equipment |
24 |
23 |
0.075 |
5 |
17 |
34 |
|||
Hazard allowance for nurse in OR |
6 |
41 |
0.041 |
4 |
1 |
49 |
|||
House allowance |
2 |
45 |
0.51 |
3 |
1 |
50 |
|||
Your feelings about job itself |
17 |
30 |
0.171 |
5 |
* Significant variable, df =Degree of freedom
The study finding is also consistent with study conducted
among operation room nurses in Nigeria in which 59% of the
operation room nurses were dissatisfied with their job while
8.7 % were very satisfied, 6.5% were very dissatisfied with their
job [30]. Reason for dissatisfaction was reported as low salary
(60.3%), little opportunity for further education, inadequate
facility and supplies (20.1%) [18-20]. Dissatisfaction with
regard to salaries and benefits in this study finding seems to be a
common issue that evident in several studies [42].
The commonest reasons given for job satisfaction according to this study were the helping others (87.8%) providing good quality of patient care (76.5%), the recognition you get for good work (75.5%), Patient outcome (71.4%), the amount of responsibilities you are given (70.4%). That agrees with the findings of Singh et al. who reported that anesthetists appreciated the good quality of patient care and intellectual stimulation as well as enjoyed the interaction with anesthesia colleagues and magic of anesthesia. [43]
A study at Jimma university specialized hospital showed that (46.2%) of the health workers are dissatisfied with their job. The major reasons reported for their dissatisfaction were lack of motivation, inadequate salary, insufficient training opportunities and inadequate number of human resources. The rest 57.8% respondents were satisfied with their job, the major reasons given were getting satisfaction from helping others and professional gratification. Suggestion given by the respondents to improve job satisfaction and increase retention rate included motivation of staff through different incentives such us bonus, house allowance, salary increment, establishing good administration management system and improving hospital facilities and infrastructure.[41]
In Ethiopia the related categories of study were not conducted in operation theater department and other department job satisfaction or dissatisfaction of nurse but generally, Ethiopia health service organization and management was studied from 1995-2000 E.c for all health profession job satisfaction and dissatisfaction including nursesthe finding indicated satisfaction from helping others and profession gratification and the majority of respondents dissatisfied due to low salary, inadequate opportunity for further education, inadequate facility and supplies [18, 19] respectively.
The commonest reasons given for job satisfaction according to this study were the helping others (87.8%) providing good quality of patient care (76.5%), the recognition you get for good work (75.5%), Patient outcome (71.4%), the amount of responsibilities you are given (70.4%). That agrees with the findings of Singh et al. who reported that anesthetists appreciated the good quality of patient care and intellectual stimulation as well as enjoyed the interaction with anesthesia colleagues and magic of anesthesia. [43]
A study at Jimma university specialized hospital showed that (46.2%) of the health workers are dissatisfied with their job. The major reasons reported for their dissatisfaction were lack of motivation, inadequate salary, insufficient training opportunities and inadequate number of human resources. The rest 57.8% respondents were satisfied with their job, the major reasons given were getting satisfaction from helping others and professional gratification. Suggestion given by the respondents to improve job satisfaction and increase retention rate included motivation of staff through different incentives such us bonus, house allowance, salary increment, establishing good administration management system and improving hospital facilities and infrastructure.[41]
In Ethiopia the related categories of study were not conducted in operation theater department and other department job satisfaction or dissatisfaction of nurse but generally, Ethiopia health service organization and management was studied from 1995-2000 E.c for all health profession job satisfaction and dissatisfaction including nursesthe finding indicated satisfaction from helping others and profession gratification and the majority of respondents dissatisfied due to low salary, inadequate opportunity for further education, inadequate facility and supplies [18, 19] respectively.
Conclusion
In conclusion the finding of this study indicated that there
is a low level of job satisfaction among of nurses working at
government hospitals in East Arsi and East Shewa, Oromia
regional state. The major reasons of dissatisfaction were lack
of houses allowance, house, inadequate salary, and inadequate
opportunity for training or education, insufficient resources and
supplies and feeling about job. The findings this study concluded
that the main factors that are associated with overall job
satisfaction were satisfaction in helping others, providing good
quality of patient care, responsibilities, recognition for good work
and patient care outcome.
Conflict of Interests
All authors declared that they have no conflict of interests.
Jimma University covered only the survey cost for this study and
there is no any funding organization.
Authors’ Contribution
Abdela Abdu and Admasu Belay conceived and designed the
protocol. Additionally Abdela Abdu performed the data collection.
Admasu Belay, Temamen Tesfaye and Dagmawit Birhanu
contributed on data analysis, and checked the draft. Dagmawit
Birhanu and Temamen Tesfaye prepared manuscript. Admasu
Belay approved it. All authors read and approved the final paper.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the east Arsi zone public hospitals
operation room staffs nurses as well as the administrative staffs
for all the help and support given for us during the data collection
period. We also thank Jimma university institute of health for
permitting us to conduct this study.
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