Research Article
Open Access
Histological activity and basal plasmacytosis are nonpredictive
markers for subsequent relapse in ulcerative colitis
patients with mucosal healing
Farkas Klaudia1, Reisz Zita2, Sejben Anita2, Tiszlavicz Laszlo2, Szucs Monika3, Nyari Tibor3,
Szepes Zoltan1, Nagy Ferenc1, Rutka Mariann1, Balint Anita1, Bor Renata1, Milassin Agnes1,
Molnar Tamas1*
11st Department of Medicine, University of Szeged
2Department of Pathology, University of Szeged
3Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged
2Department of Pathology, University of Szeged
3Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged
*Corresponding author: Tamas Molnar, 1st Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, H6720 Szeged, Koranyi fasor 8-10, Tel: +36-62-
545186; Fax: +36-62-545185; E-mail:
@
Received: February 05, 2016; Accepted: March 01, 2016; Published: March 30, 2016
Citation: Klaudia F, Zita R, Anita S, László T, Mónika S, et al. (2016) Histological activity and basal plasmacytosis are non-predictive markers for subsequent relapse in ulcerative colitis patients with mucosal healing. J Gastroenterol Pancreatol Liver Disord 3(4): 1-4.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15226/2374-815X/3/4/00163
Abstract
Introduction: The assessment of histological remission started
to become a more accurate and favorable therapeutic endpoint in
ulcerative colitis (UC). This study aimed to investigate the rate of
clinical relapse in UC patients after achieving mucosal healing and to
evaluate the predictive role of basal plasmacytosis and microscopic
inflammation on disease relapse.
Patients and methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted in UC patients with endoscopic remission defined by endoscopic Mayo (eMayo) subscore 0 or 1. All patients underwent a colonoscopy and biopsy samples were taken the colonic mucosa. Follow-up appointments were months 6, and 12. Microscopic inflammation was defined as a Geboes score ≥3.1.
Results: Sixty-nine adult UC patients were enrolled in the study. Histology revealed basal plasmacytosis in 81.2% (focal plasmacytosis in 63.8%, diffuse plasmacytosis in 17.4% of the cases) and microscopic inflammatory activity in 37.7% of patients with mucosal healing. At 6 and 12 months, clinical relapse occurred in 16.2%, and in 14.5% of the patients. Geboes score ≥3.1 and plasmacytosis detected in the biopsy samples at baseline were present in 9.1 and 72.7% of the patients' samples relapsed at month 6, in 40 and 80% of the patients' samples relapsed at months 12. Neither the presence of basal plasmacytosis, nor Geboes score ≥3.1 was shown to be predictive of disease relapse.
Conclusion: The role of histological inflammation with mucosal healing requires more extensive research. Our results suggest that maintaining therapy after achieving endoscopic remission may influence the association between basal plasmacytosis and clinical relapse."
Keywords: Ulcerative colitis; Mucosal healing; Microscopic inflammation; Basal plasmacytosis; Relapse
Patients and methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted in UC patients with endoscopic remission defined by endoscopic Mayo (eMayo) subscore 0 or 1. All patients underwent a colonoscopy and biopsy samples were taken the colonic mucosa. Follow-up appointments were months 6, and 12. Microscopic inflammation was defined as a Geboes score ≥3.1.
Results: Sixty-nine adult UC patients were enrolled in the study. Histology revealed basal plasmacytosis in 81.2% (focal plasmacytosis in 63.8%, diffuse plasmacytosis in 17.4% of the cases) and microscopic inflammatory activity in 37.7% of patients with mucosal healing. At 6 and 12 months, clinical relapse occurred in 16.2%, and in 14.5% of the patients. Geboes score ≥3.1 and plasmacytosis detected in the biopsy samples at baseline were present in 9.1 and 72.7% of the patients' samples relapsed at month 6, in 40 and 80% of the patients' samples relapsed at months 12. Neither the presence of basal plasmacytosis, nor Geboes score ≥3.1 was shown to be predictive of disease relapse.
Conclusion: The role of histological inflammation with mucosal healing requires more extensive research. Our results suggest that maintaining therapy after achieving endoscopic remission may influence the association between basal plasmacytosis and clinical relapse."
Keywords: Ulcerative colitis; Mucosal healing; Microscopic inflammation; Basal plasmacytosis; Relapse
Introduction
Mucosal healing has now been accepted as an essential target
both in clinical trials and practice as well. Although many data support that mucosal healing is associated with prolonged clinical
remission, lower rates of hospitalization and colectomy, recent
studies came up with reverse data showing that mucosal healing
does not predict sustained clinical remission in patients stopping
biological therapy [1, 2]. Since microscopic inflammation can
even be detected in patients with mucosal healing, the assessment
of histological remission started to become a more accurate and
favorable therapeutic endpoint [3].
Geboes score including five features (architectural change, lamina propria neutrophils and eosinophils, neutrophils in epithelium, crypt destruction, and erosion or ulceration), is one of the best validated and most widely used index for the assessment of histological healing that was shown to predict relapse in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients achieving clinical and endoscopic remission [4, 5]. Moreover, Bitton et al. revealed that basal plasmacytosis, defined as the presence of plasma cells between the base of the crypts and the muscularis mucosae, was a significant predictor of relapse [6]. Since none of the histological scoring systems includes the assessment of basal plasmacytosis and limited data are available about the value of basal plasmacytosis and microscopic inflammation in quiescent UC, we aimed to investigate the rate of clinical relapse in UC patients after achieving mucosal healing and to evaluate the predictive role of basal plasmacytosis and microscopic inflammation on disease relapse.
Geboes score including five features (architectural change, lamina propria neutrophils and eosinophils, neutrophils in epithelium, crypt destruction, and erosion or ulceration), is one of the best validated and most widely used index for the assessment of histological healing that was shown to predict relapse in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients achieving clinical and endoscopic remission [4, 5]. Moreover, Bitton et al. revealed that basal plasmacytosis, defined as the presence of plasma cells between the base of the crypts and the muscularis mucosae, was a significant predictor of relapse [6]. Since none of the histological scoring systems includes the assessment of basal plasmacytosis and limited data are available about the value of basal plasmacytosis and microscopic inflammation in quiescent UC, we aimed to investigate the rate of clinical relapse in UC patients after achieving mucosal healing and to evaluate the predictive role of basal plasmacytosis and microscopic inflammation on disease relapse.
Patient and Method
Patient population
This was a prospective observational study conducted in UC
patients with endoscopic remission defined by endoscopic Mayo
(eMayo) subscore 0 or 1 [7]. All patients underwent colonoscopy,
and biopsy samples were taken from the uninflamed colonic
mucosa. All colonic biopsies were separately evaluated by two expert pathologists for histologic activity (Geboes score) and
the presence of basal plasmacytosis with focal or diffuse pattern.
Basal plasmacytosis was defined as dense infiltrate of plasma
cells around the deep part of the lamina propria or at the base
of the crypts. C-reactive protein (CRP), partial Mayo (pMayo)
scores and the used medications were documented at the time
of the endoscopy, and the follow-up appointments: at months 6,
and 12. Microscopic inflammation was defined as a Geboes score
≥3.1 Disease relapse was defined as a partial Mayo (pMayo) score
≥3. Alteration in CRP levels was compared to the baseline CRP
values.
Statistical analyses
Multinominal logistic regression and linear mixed models
were used to assess the predictive value of basal plasmacytosis
and microscopic inflammation on disease relapse with evaluating
the alteration of CRP and pMayo scores during the follow-up
appointments. P-values < 0.05 were considered significant for
the analysis.
Results
Sixty-nine adult UC patients over 18 years of age with an
endoscopically inactive disease and at least a 12-month follow-up
were enrolled in the study. The median age at diagnosis was 31.4
years. The mean value of pMayo score at the time of the endoscopy
was 0.65. Maintenance therapies at enrollment consisted of
corticosteroids in 11.6%, immunomodulators in 52.2% and
biologicals in 18.8% of the patients. Demographic data are
summarized in Table 1. Histology revealed basal plasmacytosis
in 81.2% (focal plasmacytosis in 63.8%, diffuse plasmacytosis in
17.4% of the cases) and microscopic inflammatory activity with a
Geboes score ≥3.1 in 37.7% of patients with mucosal healing. The
mean time of follow-up was 1 year. At 6 and 12 months, clinical
relapse occurred in 16.2%, and in 14.5% of the patients.
Geboes score ≥3.1 and plasmacytosis were detected in the biopsy samples at baseline histological examination in 9.1 and 72.7% of the patients who relapsed at month 6 and in 40 and 80% of the patients who relapsed at months 12. In nonrelapsers, microscopic inflammation and basal plasmacytosis were detected at the baseline in 43.1 and 82.8% of the patients' samples at month 6, and in 44.2 and 82.7% at month 12.
Neither the presence of basal plasmacytosis, nor Geboes score ≥3.1 was shown to be predictive of disease relapse nor alteration in CRP levels at 6, and 12 months. No difference was observed if the data were analyzed separately in subgroups of eMayo score of 0 or 1. Presence of basal plasmacytosis and microscopic inflammation in relapsers and nonrelapsers are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. Figure 3 contain the alterations of the medications during the examined period.
Geboes score ≥3.1 and plasmacytosis were detected in the biopsy samples at baseline histological examination in 9.1 and 72.7% of the patients who relapsed at month 6 and in 40 and 80% of the patients who relapsed at months 12. In nonrelapsers, microscopic inflammation and basal plasmacytosis were detected at the baseline in 43.1 and 82.8% of the patients' samples at month 6, and in 44.2 and 82.7% at month 12.
Neither the presence of basal plasmacytosis, nor Geboes score ≥3.1 was shown to be predictive of disease relapse nor alteration in CRP levels at 6, and 12 months. No difference was observed if the data were analyzed separately in subgroups of eMayo score of 0 or 1. Presence of basal plasmacytosis and microscopic inflammation in relapsers and nonrelapsers are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. Figure 3 contain the alterations of the medications during the examined period.
Discussion
Our results did not confirm the previous hypothesis that the
presence of basal plasmacytosis and microscopic inflammation
predicts UC clinical relapse in patients with mucosal healing at
Table 1: Demographic data of patients enrolled in the study.
|
UC patients (n=69) |
Mean age at diagnosis (years) |
31.4 (11-60) |
Mean disease duration (years) |
17.8 (1-58) |
Gender (male/female) |
27/42 |
Extent Proctitis Left-sided colitis Extensive colitis |
6 38 25 |
Disease activity at biopsy sample Inactive Mild Moderate Severe |
45 13 4 5 |
Mean CRP at biopsy sample (mg/dl) |
4.2 |
Concomitant medications Corticosteroids Immunomodulators Biologicals |
8 36 13 |
Basal plasmacytosis Focal Diffuse Absent |
44 12 13 |
Geboes score ≥ 3.1 |
26 |
Figure 1: Presence of basal plasmacytosis and microscopic inflammation
in relapsers and nonrelapsers at 6 month.
Figure 2: Presence of basal plasmacytosis and microscopic inflammation
in relapsers and nonrelapsers at 12 month.
Figure 3: Alterations of the medications during the examined period.
any time points during 2 years. The overall rate of clinical relapse
in our cohort was really low varying between 13 and 16% at the
different examined periods. Focal and diffuse basal plasmacytosis
were shown to be present in 63.8%, and 17.4% of the patients
in clinical and endoscopic remission. On the follow-up, basal
plasmacytosis was detected in the biopsy samples at baseline
histological examination in more than 70% of the relapsers at
month 6, and in 80% of them at month 12. Therefore, specific
histologic alteration did not predict nor short-term neither longterm
relapse.
To date, only limited data are available on markers predictive to disease relapse in UC. Of the clinical parameters, age lower than 50-years old, previous relapses, extraintestinal manifestations, and low-fiber diet have been reported to be associated with higher relapse rates [8, 9]. Of biochemical markers, fecal calprotectin proved to be a strong predictive factor for UC flares [10].
Mucosal healing is a key goal of the clinical trials and the routine practice since it has been shown to be associated with better outcomes, improved quality of life and lower colectomy rates [11, 12]. However, mucosal healing cannot completely exclude the presence of microscopic inflammation, which may play role in the development of complications and dysplasia occurrence [13]. Therefore, considering that histological healing is the only objective method for the assessment of mucosal healing in fact, achieving histological remission would be more favorable goal of therapy. Moreover, almost half of the UC patient with clinical and endoscopic remission has evidence of any histological inflammation [14]. Geboes score is an accepted score system for the evaluation of microscopic activity in the daily routine, however, basal plasmacytosis was also shown to be a promising marker for UC relapse.
Among the first studies, Bitton et al. revealed that beyond younger age and multiple previous relapses for women, basal plasmacytosis on rectal biopsy specimens was shown to be an independent predictor of earlier relapse [6]. The study by Villanacci et al. investigated the presence of basal plasmacytosis and its value in endoscopic biopsies from firstly diagnosed, non-treated "colitis" patients [15]. Their data proved that the presence of basal plasmacytosis in colonic endoscopic biopsies was a strong histological feature of IBD and helped in the differentiation from non IBD colitis. Basal plasmacytosis was always present in the ileum, cecum, and ascending colon, and variably present (17–60%) in the other segments in CD, whereas in UC patients it was always present in the transverse and descending colon, and consistently present (77–87%) in the other segments. The study by Bessissow et al. consisted of 75 UC patients confirmed that basal plasmacytosis, whether present in a focal or diffuse pattern, is an independent predictor of clinical relapse in UC patients with mucosal healing with a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 47, 85, and 77%, respectively. Inflammatory activity with a Geboes score ≥3.1 was shown in 40% and basal plasmacytosis in 21% of the patients with endoscopic remission. At 12 months, clinical relapsed occurred in 20% of the patients. The study also revealed a strong trend toward a protective effect of biological therapy [5]. Comparing Bessissow's data with ours, the most remarkable difference is the higher rate of basal plasmacytosis in our cohort. Notably, focal plasmacytosis consisted almost two-third of our cases that may be explained by the extensive pathological assessment to detect plasma cells. The high proportion of focal plasmacytosis in our cohort also highlights the lack of correct definition of focal and diffuse plasmacytosis that may influence the statistical analysis in these works. In our study relapse rates also differed markedly, in the Bitton's study 36%, in the Bessissow's study 20% of the patients relapsed. In our study the relapse rates were lower than in the above mentioned works despite of the high rate of basal plasmacytosis. Moreover, although maintenance therapy did not prove to be associated with the presence of basal plasmacytosis or microscopic inflammation in our relapsers, the type and the distribution of the medications differed in the two studies (etc. using steroids), therefore the role of concomitant therapy cannot be irrelevant when analyzing the results.
Although our results did not show that the presence of basal plasmacytosis and microscopic inflammation predicts UC clinical relapse in patients with mucosal healing, despite having a normal mucosa endoscopically, the role of histological inflammation with mucosal healing requires more extensive research. Our results suggest that maintaining therapy after achieving endoscopic remission may influence the association between basal plasmacytosis and clinical relapse.
To date, only limited data are available on markers predictive to disease relapse in UC. Of the clinical parameters, age lower than 50-years old, previous relapses, extraintestinal manifestations, and low-fiber diet have been reported to be associated with higher relapse rates [8, 9]. Of biochemical markers, fecal calprotectin proved to be a strong predictive factor for UC flares [10].
Mucosal healing is a key goal of the clinical trials and the routine practice since it has been shown to be associated with better outcomes, improved quality of life and lower colectomy rates [11, 12]. However, mucosal healing cannot completely exclude the presence of microscopic inflammation, which may play role in the development of complications and dysplasia occurrence [13]. Therefore, considering that histological healing is the only objective method for the assessment of mucosal healing in fact, achieving histological remission would be more favorable goal of therapy. Moreover, almost half of the UC patient with clinical and endoscopic remission has evidence of any histological inflammation [14]. Geboes score is an accepted score system for the evaluation of microscopic activity in the daily routine, however, basal plasmacytosis was also shown to be a promising marker for UC relapse.
Among the first studies, Bitton et al. revealed that beyond younger age and multiple previous relapses for women, basal plasmacytosis on rectal biopsy specimens was shown to be an independent predictor of earlier relapse [6]. The study by Villanacci et al. investigated the presence of basal plasmacytosis and its value in endoscopic biopsies from firstly diagnosed, non-treated "colitis" patients [15]. Their data proved that the presence of basal plasmacytosis in colonic endoscopic biopsies was a strong histological feature of IBD and helped in the differentiation from non IBD colitis. Basal plasmacytosis was always present in the ileum, cecum, and ascending colon, and variably present (17–60%) in the other segments in CD, whereas in UC patients it was always present in the transverse and descending colon, and consistently present (77–87%) in the other segments. The study by Bessissow et al. consisted of 75 UC patients confirmed that basal plasmacytosis, whether present in a focal or diffuse pattern, is an independent predictor of clinical relapse in UC patients with mucosal healing with a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 47, 85, and 77%, respectively. Inflammatory activity with a Geboes score ≥3.1 was shown in 40% and basal plasmacytosis in 21% of the patients with endoscopic remission. At 12 months, clinical relapsed occurred in 20% of the patients. The study also revealed a strong trend toward a protective effect of biological therapy [5]. Comparing Bessissow's data with ours, the most remarkable difference is the higher rate of basal plasmacytosis in our cohort. Notably, focal plasmacytosis consisted almost two-third of our cases that may be explained by the extensive pathological assessment to detect plasma cells. The high proportion of focal plasmacytosis in our cohort also highlights the lack of correct definition of focal and diffuse plasmacytosis that may influence the statistical analysis in these works. In our study relapse rates also differed markedly, in the Bitton's study 36%, in the Bessissow's study 20% of the patients relapsed. In our study the relapse rates were lower than in the above mentioned works despite of the high rate of basal plasmacytosis. Moreover, although maintenance therapy did not prove to be associated with the presence of basal plasmacytosis or microscopic inflammation in our relapsers, the type and the distribution of the medications differed in the two studies (etc. using steroids), therefore the role of concomitant therapy cannot be irrelevant when analyzing the results.
Although our results did not show that the presence of basal plasmacytosis and microscopic inflammation predicts UC clinical relapse in patients with mucosal healing, despite having a normal mucosa endoscopically, the role of histological inflammation with mucosal healing requires more extensive research. Our results suggest that maintaining therapy after achieving endoscopic remission may influence the association between basal plasmacytosis and clinical relapse.
Take home messages
Markers predictive to disease relapse in UC patients achieving
mucosal healing are becoming more and more important. Our
study did not confirm the predictive role of basal plasmacytosis
and microscopic inflammation in clinical relapse in UC patients
with endoscopic remission; however, maintenance therapy
was suggested to influence the association between basal
plasmacytosis and clinical relapse.
Funding source
This paper was supported by the János Bolyai Research
Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
(BO/00632/14/5).
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