Journal of Nutritional Health & Food Science

Background: Epilepsy is the 2nd greatest prevalent brain ailment after stroke, and a huge load on health system. Currently available antiepileptic drugs are associated with a lot of adverse effects and exhibit erratic pharmacological effects; hence it is crucial to explore newer anticonvulsant medications having better side effect profile and enhanced pharmacological effects because of the lengthy duration of treatment of epilepsy. Plants are rich source of various bioactive compounds. Numerous plants have been authenticated to be the source of safe and effective medicines and served as substitute to modern medicine.

Method: In this study, anticonvulsant action of Trigonella foenumgraecum L. was evaluated in rats by strychnine induced convulsions at three different doses after 14 days of continuous administration. Diazepam at 1mg/kg was consumed as a standard drug. The time to onset of first convulsion, number of convulsions, and duration of convulsions, mortality rate and percent protection was recorded for each animal. Present study was specifically designed to evaluate the anticonvulsant effects of T. foenum-graecum L. Seeds methanol extract.

Result: Administration of TFGS-ME for 14 days to rats exhibited significant delay in onset of convulsion at 50 and 100 mg/kg while highly significant delay at 200mg/kg comparable to diazepam. Frequency of convulsion was also decreased significantly at 100 and 200 mg/kg, comparable to diazepam. Duration of convulsion was also decreased significantly at all the three doses given in comparison to control animals. Percent protection in animals received TFGS-ME at 200mg/kg was 90% within 24 h as compared to 10% protection in control animals.

Conclusion: Present study gives enough evidences regarding the potential of T. foenum-graecum L. as anticonvulsant agent.

Key words: Anticonvulsant; Trigonella foenum-graecum L.; strychnine induced convulsions

Epilepsy is one of the frequently occurring neurological illnesses, characterized by recurring seizures with or without loss of consciousness, due to abnormal discharge of cerebral neurons. It has a universal occurrence of 0.5-5% [1].

It is a chronic progressive disease and affects quality of life [2]. The incidence of epilepsy in industrialized states is about 50 per 100,000 whereas in emerging undeveloped states, it is 100 per 100,000 affecting individuals of all ages, races, and social groups [3]. Epilepsy has many possible causes such as infection, head trauma, brain malignancy and stroke. A variety of drugs including, antipsychotics antidepressants, levodopa, thiazide diuretics and antibiotics, can also increase the frequency of seizures [4].

It is suggested that there is an imbalance between GABA and glutamate-mediated neurotransmission in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Low catecholamine levels can be another causative factor of epilepsy [5, 6, 7].

The pathophysiology of the seizure disorder is complex. It may result from permanent modifications in the brain affecting neurotransmitters discharge and movement, receptors and ion channels, gene expressions, synapses and astrocytes. Initially, it was considered that modifications in ion channels may cause the onset of the involuntary depolarization that begins seizures. Current researches propose that numerous neuro chemical conduits contribute significantly in seizure onset and progression [8].

Epilepsy is not treatable, but can be managed with anticonvulsant drugs which either prevent the initiation of convulsions or decrease the intensity of seizures [9]. Around, 70% of sufferers of epilepsy show better outcome on single drug therapy by currently available medicines. While 5-10% of patients are benefited by adding a second drug. Remaining 20 percent of patients are resistant to the treatment [10].Therefore, there is need to develop a better anticonvulsant drug [11].

Anticonvulsant drugs of first generation have propensity for drug-drug interactions and side effects due to enzyme induction or inhibition [12]. Adverse effects of the antiepileptic drugs may affect the patient’s quality of life to a greater extent than the epilepsy itself which is a challenging situation for a physician [13].

Natural products are potential basis of bioactive substances and are used worldwide as traditional medicinal remedies. Many of the synthetic drugs are derived from plant sources [14, 15]. Therapeutic plants identified to have anticonvulsant activity in animal models include: Abelmoschus angulosus, Allium sativum, Cinchona officinalis, Egletes viscosa, Cannabis sativa, Icacina trichantha, Magnolia grandiflora, Plumbago zeylanica, Artemisia spp, Bauhinia outimouta, Rauvolfia ligustrina and Ximenia Americana [16].

Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn. (Fenugreek) is a wellidentified old medicinal plant belonging to the family Fabaceae, various parts of which are consumed as food constituent such as leaves and seeds [17].

This study was executed consuming seeds of T. foenumgraecum L. Seeds are small (3-5 mm long, 2 mm thick) having hard texture, fluctuating from yellowish brown to brown in color. They are flattened and have a distinctive rhomboid shape. They have a distinguished peppery odor, bitter and mucilaginous taste [18].

Seeds are conventionally used as spice in our food. Prehistoric people used it customarily for various medicinal uses. It is a rich source of various bioactive compounds such as saponins (fenugreekine, diosgenin), alkaloids (trigonelline, gentianine, carpaine), amino acids (4-Hydroxy isoleucin, arginine) and flavonoids [19, 20]. Literature review showed numerous scientifically assessed activities such as hypoglycemic, Raju, et al. hypolipidemic, antioxidant, anticancer and antiulcer activities [21-25].

Present study was especially designed to evaluate anticonvulsants effects T.foenum-graecum L. seeds methanol extract (TFGS-ME) in strychnine induced epilepsy model.

Cold extraction method was executed to formulate crude extract of methanol [26]. Seeds were purified from all scums manually and crushed to obtain fine powder, which was immersed in 80% 1000 ml methanol for 10 days in air tight jars with their caps tightly closed. Jars were shaken frequently every 2 days until the solvent turn out to be medium brown in color. The acquired solvent was sieved first through cotton and then by What-mann No.1 filters paper. Subsequently the obtained filtrate was vaporized under reduced pressure by means of a rotary evaporator at 45°C, followed by freeze drying at -30°C of temperature. The crude extract of methanol so developed was preserved in petri dishes and kept at -20°C of temperature.

This study was conducted at Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi after the approval by Board of Advanced Studies and Research (BASR) of University of Karachi. Albino rats of either gender weighing in the range of 180-220 g were procured from Hussain Ebrahim Jamal (HEJ) Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi. All animals were retained in plastic cages placed at the animal house of Department of Pharmacology, University of Karachi, under strict condition soft temperature (22 ± 20C) and humidity (50-60%) in an alternating 12-h light/dark cycle. Animals were fed with standard food and water regularly. Guidelines of National Institute of Health (NIH) were followed for handling and experimentation on animals [27].

50 albino rats of either gender weighing around 180-220 g were randomly divided into five groups, each having 10 animals. One group was tagged as control and given distilled water 1ml/ kg body weight orally once a day. Second group was marked as standard and given diazepam (Karachi Pharmaceutical Laboratories) in the dose of 1mg/kg orally once a day. Diazepam tablet was crushed to fine powder and suspended in distilled water, which was administered orally using orogastric tube [28]. Three test groups received TFGS-ME in three different doses i.e. 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg /kg body weight dissolved in 1ml distilled water orally once a day. All the treatments were administered continuously for 14 days.

Strychnine (Sigma-Aldrich Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA) was used to induce convulsions in animals.

After the completion of dosing on day 14, approximately 40 minutes after the last treatment, strychnine was injected to animals of all groups for inducing convulsions through intraperitoneal route in the dose of 4 mg/kg after dissolving in distilled water. Animals in which convulsions were not induced after injecting strychnine were separated as safe. The time to onset of convulsions, duration of convulsions, number of convulsions during 1min duration, mortality rate and percent protection was recorded for each animal [29]. Strychnine antagonizes the inhibitory reflexes from brain and spinal cord as well as augments reflexes from spinal cord, therefore induced convulsions [30].

Data was analyzed using Superior Performance Statistical Software (SPSS) version 23, and is presented as mean ± SEM with 95% confidence interval. Anova trailed by post hoc was accomplished for comparisons of values with control. Values of P< 0.05 were considered significant and P< 0.001 as highly significant.

Table 1 demonstrates the effect of TFGS-ME and diazepam on strychnine induced convulsions in rats after 14 days of uninterrupted administration. The time to onset of first convulsion, number of convulsions and duration of convulsion were recorded.

The onset of first convulsion in TFGS-ME I and TFGS-ME II groups which received extract at 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight respectively was delayed significantly i.e. 190.36+ 33.00 s and 187.36+ 41.13 s respectively in contrast to control animals i.e. 119.47+ 39.55 s, while the onset of first convulsion in TFGS-ME III group which received extract at 200 mg/kg body weight and animals which received standard drug diazepam at 1mg/kg body weight was delayed highly significantly i.e. 389.14+ 23.4 s and 302.17+24.1 s respectively in contrast to control animals.

The effect on number of convulsions in TFGS-MEI group which received extract at 50 mg/kg body weight was statistically inconsequential i.e. 3.00+ 0.14 in contrast to the control animals i.e. 3.00+ 0.77. The number of convulsions in TFGS-ME II, TFGSME III groups which received extract at 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight respectively and in animals received standard drug diazepam at 1mg/kg body weight were reduced significantly i.e. 1.00+ 0.31, 1.00 +0.19 and 1.00+ 0.61 respectively in contrast to control animals.

The duration of convulsions in TFGS-ME I, TFGS-ME II, TFGSME III groups which received extract at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight respectively and animals received standard drug diazepam at 1mg/kg body weight were reduced significantly i.e. 24.31+1.55 s, 21.57+1.03 s, 19.71+2.49 s and 16.99+1.86 s respectively.

Table 2 demonstrates the effect of TFGS-ME and diazepam on mortality rate and percent protection in Strychnine induced convulsions after 14 days of uninterrupted administration to animals.

The mortality rate in TFGS-ME I group which received 50 mg/ kg extract was 40% at 30 min and after 24 h in contrast to the control animals which was 90%. Hence it revealed 60 percent protection in contrast to 10% in control animals. The mortality rate in TFGS-ME II group which received 100mg/kg extract was 20% at 30 min and 30% after 24 h in contrast to control animals. Hence it revealed 80 percent protection at 30 min and 70% protection after 24 h in contrast to control animals. The mortality rate in TFGS-ME III group which received200 mg/kg extract was 10% at 30 min and after 24 h in contrast control animals which was 90%. Hence it revealed 90 percent protection in contrast to 10% protection in control animals. However mortality rate in animals received standard drug diazepam was 0 % both at 30 min and after 24 h in contrast to control animals, hence revealed 100 percent protection in contrast to control animals.

Traditional medicine represents health systems, methods and principles encompassing plants, animals and minerals derived medications, spiritual treatments and biological methods, used alone or in combination to diagnose, cure and prevent the ailment. The world marketplace for herbal remedies currently occupies over US $ 60 billion per annum and is developing gradually [31].

Epilepsy is the 2nd greatest prevalent brain ailment after stroke, and a huge load on health system. Currently available antiepileptic drugs are associated with a lot of adverse effects and erratic pharmacological effects; hence it is crucial to explore newer anticonvulsant medications having better side effect profile and enhanced pharmacological effects as the treatment of epilepsy is for extensive duration. Traditional herbal medicines are safer to use because of their moderate degree of bio reactivity. Researchers are trying to separate and distinguish the bioactive compounds of the medicinal plants which can be utilized in new drug developments [32-35].

In the present investigation, anticonvulsant action of TFGSME was evaluated in rats by strychnine induced convulsions at three different doses after 14 days of continuous administration. Diazepam at 1mg/kg was consumed as a standard drug. The time to onset of first convulsion, number of convulsions, duration of convulsions, mortality rate and percent protection was recorded.

Strychnine produces convulsions by interfering the postsynaptic inhibition facilitated by glycine which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter to the spinal cord neurons. Strychnine actions as a selective competitive antagonist to prevent the inhibitory actions of glycine at the receptors. Researches recommend that strychnine and glycine act at the same receptor but at varying positions. The levels of the amino acid glutamic acid are also increased in brain, which acts as a neurotransmitter for excitatory nerve impulses leading to myocontraction [36].

Administration of TFGS-ME for 14 days to rats revealed significant delay in onset of convulsion at 50 and 100 mg/kg while highly significant delay at 200mg/kg and comparable to diazepam. Frequency of convulsion was also decreased highly significantly at 100 and 200 mg/kg, which were comparable to diazepam Duration of convulsion was also decreased significantly at all the three doses given in comparison to control animals.. Percent protection in animals received TFGS-ME at 200mg/kg was 90% within 24 h as compared to 10% protection in control animals.

It is recognized that some flavonoids and their glycosides possess anticonvulsant effects. More than 5000 types of flavonoids have been isolated, and the pharmacological features of many of them have been identified. Many flavonoids exert anticonvulsant action by modifying the GABAA-Cl-channel composite because of their structural similarity to benzodiazepines [37-39].

Vitexin, quercetin, isoquercitrin, and rutin type of flavonoids, exhibited anticonvulsant effects in investigational epilepsy models. Vitexin is a C-glycosylated type of flavone present in numerous plants. It exerts anticonvulsant effects by augmenting the duration of seizure onset in PTZ-induced seizures in animals, probably through binding at the benzodiazepine site of the GABAA receptor complex. Quercetin also showed anticonvulsant effects. It is suggested that it modulates GABAA receptors and antagonizes N-methyl D aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Rutin revealed anticonvulsant effect in kainic acid induced seizures by decreasing oxidative stress. Moreover, rutin acts as a ligand for benzodiazepine receptors through positive allosteric modulation of the GABAA receptor. Anticonvulsant action of TFGS-ME can be ascribed to presence of various flavonoids in it [39-44].

Seizures weaken the antioxidant defense mechanism of brain leading to free radicals generation, which further provokes the oxidative stress and cause lipid peroxidation, brain edema and epilepsy. Moreover free radicals by inactivating the enzyme glutamine synthase increase the production of excitatory neurotransmitter glutamic acid, resulting in seizure induction. This is correlated with a decrease in the brain GABA levels by inhibiting the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase by free radicals [2, 45, 46]. It is safe to conclude that anticonvulsant action of TFGS-ME could be due to its antioxidant effect [23].

Various other phytochemicals are also reported to possess anticonvulsant activity such as luteolin depicted anticonvulsant effect in an acute pentylenetetrazole induced seizure model. Gentian in revealed anticonvulsant effect by affecting the cytokines regulating hypothalamic prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels. Diosgenin significantly prevented seizures in PTZ induced kindling model. T. foenum-graecum L. seeds contain luteolin, gentianine and diosgenin phytochemicals, favoring its anticonvulsant potential [19, 35, 44, 47, 48].

Present study gives several clues regarding the potential of T. foenum-graecum L. as anticonvulsant agent. Hence there is extreme necessity to isolate the dietary constituents which may play a dynamic role in future invention of novel drugs.

Authors are thankful to Dr. Muhammad Mohtashim, Associate Professor Department of Pharmacognosy, for identifying fenugreek seeds and chairperson Department of Pharmacology, University of Karachi for providing technical and financial help to complete this piece of work.

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